龙鱼、一种很古老的鱼原产地称之为Arowana,是西班牙语“长舌”的意思。其学名是“scleropages”是舌头骨咽状的意思。按分类学上龙鱼属于骨舌鱼科(又叫骨咽鱼科)。中国大陆称为“龙鱼”、香港人称之为“龙吐珠”(可能是由于幼龙的卵黄囊象龙珠的缘故)、台湾人称之为“银带”、日本人称之为“银船大刀”。
龙鱼可以存活18年左右,它们的生长期和成熟所用的发育期很长,一般雌鱼须6-12年,雄鱼须5-16年才可繁殖(这要看你的养殖水准了)。而且并不是所有的龙鱼都能在水族箱里繁殖,象金龙鱼就不行。现在主要在水族箱中繁殖的龙鱼有银龙、红龙、青龙、澳洲龙鱼等几个品种。
龙鱼和慈鲷鱼一样属口孵鱼类,而且也是自然配对的鱼。自然界中的龙鱼繁殖时会将鱼卵含在口中孵化,孵化后雄鱼会在仔鱼附近看管,遇到敌害来袭或惊吓时,亲鱼会将仔鱼含在嘴里直至危险过去。这样子会一直维持到仔鱼能自行觅食为止。
1966年日本的宫田先生和田上四郎利用温泉水和自己设计的钢精混凝土水槽完成了银龙鱼的首次水族箱繁殖。至今他们设与阿苏温泉地区的繁殖场的繁殖数目都相当可观。
那么怎么样进行龙鱼的水族箱繁殖呢?
首先龙鱼繁殖的水体要宽,比较好的繁殖箱最好在2米以上200×90×60或者250×100×60的水槽都可以。
亲鱼的准备:由于龙鱼有自己配对的习惯,不喜欢有人为的给它们伴侣。所以可以自小将数尾稚鱼一同饲养(5-7年),由其自由配对。也可以在大水槽中将已经成熟的鱼一雌一雄放置于水槽两侧,用隔板隔开,隔板上一定要打上洞,以利于两侧的水循环。鱼会适应这里的情况,当你发现龙鱼有发情的现象时就抽开隔板,这时它们会作出特殊的追尾动作,接着会互相撕咬鱼鳍,特别是臀鳍到尾鳍这一段。龙鱼会受到惊吓而跳跃,或者冲撞,甚至会造成龙须断落和出血。这样的伤害短时间内不会对龙鱼的生命构成威胁,所以大家要忍耐。几天后,如果两条龙鱼开始平静下来,并且开始缓慢的游动有了亲密的靠在一起的表现就说明配对成功了。如果依然打斗得厉害就说明配对不成功,你就该检查所配对的鱼是否还未成熟?是否水中有什么不应该有的物质?然后将它们分开饲养,重新配对。
成熟雌雄鱼的辨别:雄鱼一般喜欢在雌鱼面前炫耀自己一番,最主要的是雄鱼的体形修长,胸鳍也较长,呈深红色。雌鱼的腹部由于卵的原故显得饱满胀大。产卵期时雌鱼的输卵管突出。雄鱼的输精管则凹出。这都是区别。
水质管理:
配对中的龙鱼都会有受伤现象,所以水质的管理在繁殖当中极为重要。1、要注意饵料的投喂不要过量,并且必须及时的抽取残饵。2、发现有患病的迹象时应立即进行药浴处理,并注意预防其它的鱼感染。由于龙鱼对药品极为敏感,所以投药量要比平常少很多,关于这一点我们会在龙鱼的疾病中提到。药浴期间要注意比平时多换水。3、PH值保持在6.2-7.2以防止酸性过多症,水温在26-28摄氏度。
当你做好这些,看到亲密的龙鱼夫妇靠在一起,停在水族箱的底部某处静止不动时,这里就是它们选好的产卵场所了。赶紧找东西遮遮光吧。这样可以使它更加安心,方便产卵。
当你看见雄鱼将卵含到嘴里时就可以耐心等待幼鱼的孵化了。雄鱼照顾鱼卵的时候雌鱼就会在一旁守护,大约经过60天左右,鱼苗就会在雄鱼的口中进进出出了。鱼爹会慢慢的将幼鱼放出来显得关爱备至。这样 一直要到90天左右。幼鱼会较少的进出鱼爸的嘴了。这时就可以悄悄的将幼鱼捞起来了,捞的时候要有耐心,因为其他的小家伙肯定会躲到鱼爸的嘴里久久不出,你就慢慢的等吧。雄鱼一般会含住40枚卵,但最后只会有十来条小鱼。可见龙鱼的繁殖实在是不容易。
从产卵开始前亲鱼就会停食,直至幼鱼离开雄鱼都不会进食,所以一次产卵繁殖对雄鱼的伤害是极大的。如果繁殖前的喂养不够好的话,雄鱼会因此一蹶不振甚至死亡所以要注意繁殖前的在÷饲养准备工作。对鱼卵进行人工孵化的试验到现在还未取得进展,所以雄鱼不得不一直的辛苦下去了。
Showing posts with label breeding. Show all posts
Showing posts with label breeding. Show all posts
Monday, October 5, 2009
揭秘龙鱼繁殖
编者按:由于地理环境等因素,造成龙鱼只能在赤道上下2纬度内才可繁殖,因此龙鱼的繁 殖一直以来都被蒙上一层神秘的面纱,本期我们特别邀请了新加坡仟湖鱼业集团总裁叶金利先生为国内的读 者朋友们揭开这层神秘的面纱,让您一睹龙鱼繁殖的奥妙。
所有动物都有一个对于生 存最基本的且非常必要的本能:生存得足够长,以使遗传物质能够传递到下一代,使物种的延续得到保证。 这在所有的鱼类中都得到了证实,比如鱼类个体展示出取食和逃跑的行为以便生存的现象。为保证物种的延 续,鱼类必须保证成功哺育下一代,并且保证他们的生存。可见,物种的生存依赖两个因素,遗传延续和自 体生存。
龙鱼已经成为在世界范围内最受欢迎的鱼类,养育者和爱好者已经开始为多 种目的而进行商业化的繁育龙鱼。
对于一个爱好者,繁育龙鱼对他们的爱好又增加了 一重新的意义:繁育龙鱼或者其他的鱼类可以提高他们的参与感,也提高了他们在理解鱼类行为方面的知识 ;更不用说,如果繁育质量高,并且存在客观需求的时候,那就是潜在的收入源。
对 于饲养者来说,繁育过程促进鱼类产生新的杂交品种,还提高了鱼类养殖的整体质量。通过适当的繁育,可 以避免近亲繁殖,这样高质量的货源可以在高端市场上出售。
当前,只是在东南亚的 渔场中成功的繁育龙鱼。这可能是因为热带的光周期和波动的高温,还有富含矿物质的适合龙鱼繁育的水质 条件。记录显示:金龙鱼和红龙鱼只在赤道上下2纬度范围内繁育。
当然也有少数繁育案例,日本在玻璃 缸中繁育龙鱼和最近在新加坡报告的一个类似案例。尽管这是一项困难的工作,但并非不可能。
繁 育前的准备工作
在你繁育龙鱼之前,你需要做几项准备。首先,如果你本着严谨的态度繁 育龙鱼,就应备好额外的鱼缸来盛放鱼苗。最好选择6英尺的鱼缸,并且具有适当的滤水装置,但不要做任何 装饰。
繁育程序
所有的鱼类都有生育的本能,它们需要吃得更好,这将有利于雄 鱼产生更好精子和雌鱼产生更好卵子。对于待产的鱼来说,应有适当的,但是不需要特别制作的饮食。需要 特别指出的是:饲喂种鱼一定要定时、定点、定质、定量的投喂。也就是说,如果每天都投喂饵料,那么, 应保持这个规律直到他们待产。鱼群可以投喂多种食物,比如青蛙,对虾,鸡肉,饲料鱼和无毒的虫子。如 果可能,应该提供高蛋白质低脂肪的食物。
大多数时间下,只要鱼喂得好,成熟的雄 鱼总是能达到待交配状态。如果雄鱼曾被用来交配,它需要2个月来休息和复原。龙鱼的生育旺季通常在雨季 之后或者雨季之中来临。这是因为,本能告诉它们这些季节会有更多的食物给它们的幼仔,那么幼鱼生存下 来的机会就会更高。
当鱼群准备好产卵时,配好对的龙鱼会按照圆形的路线比翼双游 ,雄鱼会通过鱼鳍分泌刺激异性产卵的激素,从而刺激雌性来产卵。这个过程在早晨池塘水凉的时候会经常 发生并持续几天。这时的龙鱼会显示出进攻性,并用鳍张开拨打对方,它们可能会彼此追逐并通常点缀着展 鳍和振鳍。
龙鱼交配的舞蹈会持续1小时。雌性会在数秒钟内生30-80个卵,同时雄性 会在卵从雌性生殖孔释放出来的时候给卵授精。整个授精过程花费3-4秒。然后,作为用嘴孵卵的鱼,龙鱼将 会从池塘(或鱼缸)底部一次少量(3-5个卵)的衔起卵,直到所有的卵收回口腔。
从这 时起,雄鱼不会摄取任何食物,直到鱼苗准备离开口腔。在水温为28℃时,这个过程将花费60天;如果温度 略高,达到30℃时,可能会更快一些。在此期间,雄性会躲在池塘(或鱼缸)的角落里。因为大多数的鱼都 会将鱼缸角落构想成逃跑路线。它也会隐藏在半陆生植物之间来寻求避难。其他的雄性会开始搅扰孵卵的雄 性,这是为了破坏其他鱼的基因延续,以便使自己的基因能延续下去的一种本能。
授 精后的最初几天里,孵卵的雄鱼将会积极的搅动嘴里的卵来帮卵通风。随着时间推移,搅动会慢下来,直到 45天后小鱼开始自由的游泳。
第3天后,卵开始孵化。这时幼鱼那瘦小的身躯会随着大 的卵黄在鱼爸爸的口腔中翻滚。随着时间推移,幼鱼会在体形上长大,卵黄会慢慢缩小。当小鱼准备离开雄 鱼的时候,大约是7-8cm长。
可以自由游泳的小鱼苗,如果任其滞留在池塘中,将可能 被其他成年龙鱼吃掉。在最初的几天中,鱼苗应进食小的昆虫幼虫,例如chromis蝇幼虫,颤蚓幼虫或者其他 如划蝽的小虫。
在渔场里,每两个月应把池塘收捞一下,来寻找批量的鱼苗。收捞前 ,应首先排掉池水,只剩四分之一左右,再用拖网把鱼拖到池塘一角。这时,农场工作人员应当检查每条鱼 的口腔,查看有无鱼苗或者鱼卵。当发现一条孵卵的雄鱼时,应把鱼苗迅速取出。农场工作人员连同新加坡 水产和兽医司的官员应对孵卵的雄性龙鱼的状况和鱼苗的数量进行记录。
接下来,这 些鱼苗将被转移到农场的育幼缸中,一直生长到 14-15cm。在龙鱼出售之前,把一个无线被动集成发射 圈插进鱼的腹膜腔,这样,这尾龙鱼就有了官方的身份号码。
鸣谢:《来自侏罗纪的 朋友》和《揭秘龙鱼繁殖》都属专业性极强的文章,因此,翻译工作之困难程度也可想而知,在此,我们衷 心的感谢叶庆发先生对以上两篇文章的精确翻译及对本刊的无私帮助。
http://www.yafish.com/breed/Freshwater/Arowana/200712/3771.html
所有动物都有一个对于生 存最基本的且非常必要的本能:生存得足够长,以使遗传物质能够传递到下一代,使物种的延续得到保证。 这在所有的鱼类中都得到了证实,比如鱼类个体展示出取食和逃跑的行为以便生存的现象。为保证物种的延 续,鱼类必须保证成功哺育下一代,并且保证他们的生存。可见,物种的生存依赖两个因素,遗传延续和自 体生存。
龙鱼已经成为在世界范围内最受欢迎的鱼类,养育者和爱好者已经开始为多 种目的而进行商业化的繁育龙鱼。
对于一个爱好者,繁育龙鱼对他们的爱好又增加了 一重新的意义:繁育龙鱼或者其他的鱼类可以提高他们的参与感,也提高了他们在理解鱼类行为方面的知识 ;更不用说,如果繁育质量高,并且存在客观需求的时候,那就是潜在的收入源。
对 于饲养者来说,繁育过程促进鱼类产生新的杂交品种,还提高了鱼类养殖的整体质量。通过适当的繁育,可 以避免近亲繁殖,这样高质量的货源可以在高端市场上出售。
当前,只是在东南亚的 渔场中成功的繁育龙鱼。这可能是因为热带的光周期和波动的高温,还有富含矿物质的适合龙鱼繁育的水质 条件。记录显示:金龙鱼和红龙鱼只在赤道上下2纬度范围内繁育。
当然也有少数繁育案例,日本在玻璃 缸中繁育龙鱼和最近在新加坡报告的一个类似案例。尽管这是一项困难的工作,但并非不可能。
繁 育前的准备工作
在你繁育龙鱼之前,你需要做几项准备。首先,如果你本着严谨的态度繁 育龙鱼,就应备好额外的鱼缸来盛放鱼苗。最好选择6英尺的鱼缸,并且具有适当的滤水装置,但不要做任何 装饰。
繁育程序
所有的鱼类都有生育的本能,它们需要吃得更好,这将有利于雄 鱼产生更好精子和雌鱼产生更好卵子。对于待产的鱼来说,应有适当的,但是不需要特别制作的饮食。需要 特别指出的是:饲喂种鱼一定要定时、定点、定质、定量的投喂。也就是说,如果每天都投喂饵料,那么, 应保持这个规律直到他们待产。鱼群可以投喂多种食物,比如青蛙,对虾,鸡肉,饲料鱼和无毒的虫子。如 果可能,应该提供高蛋白质低脂肪的食物。
大多数时间下,只要鱼喂得好,成熟的雄 鱼总是能达到待交配状态。如果雄鱼曾被用来交配,它需要2个月来休息和复原。龙鱼的生育旺季通常在雨季 之后或者雨季之中来临。这是因为,本能告诉它们这些季节会有更多的食物给它们的幼仔,那么幼鱼生存下 来的机会就会更高。
当鱼群准备好产卵时,配好对的龙鱼会按照圆形的路线比翼双游 ,雄鱼会通过鱼鳍分泌刺激异性产卵的激素,从而刺激雌性来产卵。这个过程在早晨池塘水凉的时候会经常 发生并持续几天。这时的龙鱼会显示出进攻性,并用鳍张开拨打对方,它们可能会彼此追逐并通常点缀着展 鳍和振鳍。
龙鱼交配的舞蹈会持续1小时。雌性会在数秒钟内生30-80个卵,同时雄性 会在卵从雌性生殖孔释放出来的时候给卵授精。整个授精过程花费3-4秒。然后,作为用嘴孵卵的鱼,龙鱼将 会从池塘(或鱼缸)底部一次少量(3-5个卵)的衔起卵,直到所有的卵收回口腔。
从这 时起,雄鱼不会摄取任何食物,直到鱼苗准备离开口腔。在水温为28℃时,这个过程将花费60天;如果温度 略高,达到30℃时,可能会更快一些。在此期间,雄性会躲在池塘(或鱼缸)的角落里。因为大多数的鱼都 会将鱼缸角落构想成逃跑路线。它也会隐藏在半陆生植物之间来寻求避难。其他的雄性会开始搅扰孵卵的雄 性,这是为了破坏其他鱼的基因延续,以便使自己的基因能延续下去的一种本能。
授 精后的最初几天里,孵卵的雄鱼将会积极的搅动嘴里的卵来帮卵通风。随着时间推移,搅动会慢下来,直到 45天后小鱼开始自由的游泳。
第3天后,卵开始孵化。这时幼鱼那瘦小的身躯会随着大 的卵黄在鱼爸爸的口腔中翻滚。随着时间推移,幼鱼会在体形上长大,卵黄会慢慢缩小。当小鱼准备离开雄 鱼的时候,大约是7-8cm长。
可以自由游泳的小鱼苗,如果任其滞留在池塘中,将可能 被其他成年龙鱼吃掉。在最初的几天中,鱼苗应进食小的昆虫幼虫,例如chromis蝇幼虫,颤蚓幼虫或者其他 如划蝽的小虫。
在渔场里,每两个月应把池塘收捞一下,来寻找批量的鱼苗。收捞前 ,应首先排掉池水,只剩四分之一左右,再用拖网把鱼拖到池塘一角。这时,农场工作人员应当检查每条鱼 的口腔,查看有无鱼苗或者鱼卵。当发现一条孵卵的雄鱼时,应把鱼苗迅速取出。农场工作人员连同新加坡 水产和兽医司的官员应对孵卵的雄性龙鱼的状况和鱼苗的数量进行记录。
接下来,这 些鱼苗将被转移到农场的育幼缸中,一直生长到 14-15cm。在龙鱼出售之前,把一个无线被动集成发射 圈插进鱼的腹膜腔,这样,这尾龙鱼就有了官方的身份号码。
鸣谢:《来自侏罗纪的 朋友》和《揭秘龙鱼繁殖》都属专业性极强的文章,因此,翻译工作之困难程度也可想而知,在此,我们衷 心的感谢叶庆发先生对以上两篇文章的精确翻译及对本刊的无私帮助。
http://www.yafish.com/breed/Freshwater/Arowana/200712/3771.html
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
龙鱼肠胃病的症状与治理
作者:捷古佛烈
相信不少的朋友在饲养亚洲龙鱼都经历过龙鱼泛肠胃疾病的苦恼,笔者通过各种的渠道学习与实践,体会到不少相关实战的经历,在此与各位龙鱼的爱好者分享与交流心得。
龙鱼肠胃病多发于幼龙时期,其发病率与死亡率是相当高,而且得不到及时与有效的汉理,折损一些漂亮的个体是为之心痛。但对于只饲养一~两尾龙鱼的朋友来说,还没有太多的亲身经历与体会。
在挑选龙鱼带回家前,一定要细心留意龙鱼的状态,因为很多龙鱼的肠胃病都是处于潜伏期,当水质变异、食物营养失衡,喂食不当等外在因素引起下,此鱼就会发病。
一、
谈挑选龙鱼注意的地方:
1、
在挑选12~20CM尺寸龙鱼的时候,观看其头型,眼睛的比例与腹部的大小。12~20CM尺寸的龙鱼,两眼平贴有神,没有偏光侧游的表现,双眼与头盖骨之间是略呈突起状,眼睛与头型的比例合理,没有经过慢养与压养的过程。腹部观望之下,胃部还带食物,不呈肚皮凹状,如发现肚皮凹状的,证明此鱼的食欲状态不佳,吃食不多,处于弱者的状况者,千万不能挑选。
2、
观看鳃盖、鳞片的发色表现。在这在尺寸范围内的幼鱼,食欲状态好成长迅速者,鳃盖、鳞片的发色是基本在此龙体现不到的。因为现在市场上流通的龙鱼个体,小尺寸内发色明显者,有很大的机率是浸泡过药物与投喂扬色剂。具体鱼只会有这样的表现。鳃盖、鳞片的发色明显,但所表现出来的色质不真实,色质虚浮,从肚皮到第四排的鳞片中泛出暗黑的粉色,此色呈现像一层黑雾状(观看这些幼鱼并能发现问题所在的,需要一定资历的玩家才能体现)。
3、
观看各鳍着色与唇的表现,正常12CM左右尺寸的龙鱼,各鳍着色与唇应呈现橘黄色,而非鲜红色。因为血纯较好的个体,饲养中定水后饲养一月内,各鳍着色与唇会慢慢转变成暗红色即血红色。
4、
鱼只精神萎靡游动时各鳍收缩的,头型圆顿不尖翘,发色不正常的,这些个体笔者不建议挑选。
二、
略谈肠胃病的症状:
1、
脱肛
此龙有可能其自身的肠胃虚弱,也有可能是在商家手里压养或者做扬色过程,水质过老过酸的,请回家后,少换水,不定时定量投喂或者暴喂的,或者投喂带硬壳不容易消化的食物,引起肠胃紊乱,产生脱肛。如不及时处理,肛门红肿的,治理起来比较费劲。
治理:A检查水质情况,换水的频率是否合适。检查过滤棉,是否太脏应需要清洗。水温是否过高或者太低。这是治病前必须要做的事情,水质好坏决定病情调理的速度与效果。也就起到事半功倍的作用。
B停食两天至一周,视肛门与鱼只状态而定。每天适量换水,加入带碘的食盐。
C喂食容易消化的食物,虾要除壳。并在虾肉或者鱼肉内塞入维生素B片(笔者建议可以使用例如“安利纽崔莱”的维生素B片,因为直接吃入肚子内,比水剂的维生素B效果更明显)。也可以在水中添加食母生片(药房有售)。一天两次,每次2只虾肉为标准。
如果肛门出现红肿的,需要在虾肉入塞入十六分之一的土霉素片或者是呋喃唑酮片,并符加维生素B片。坚持一周,水质良好可以痊愈。
D病情好转后,维持并稳定水质的良好性是脱肛还会不会再复发的关键,三天适量换水一次,加入维生素B片或者食母生片(德彩的龙鱼活力也可),投喂食物应该小量多餐,切记不能暴喂。
2、食欲不振或者是能吃不长个的
其情况与脱肛鱼只相同,多为是扬色与压养的后遗症。治理与脱肛相同
3、腹水病(急性肠胃病)
腹
腹水病大多发生于幼龙时期,多为吃食不新鲜饵食,或饵食带刺(如虾头的虾剑),吞食时伤及内脏,而遭弧菌感染引起内脏积水。
初期腹部肿胀,肛门有红肿现象。末期时由于腹部积水,压及鱼鳔,而使龙鱼失去平衡,头部朝下。
治疗
目前此病症治愈机会极低,但可尝试以口服四环素抗生素或浸泡,并换水,
衡定温度在28℃。
笔者在混养时曾经因腹水病而折损一尾优质的红龙幼鱼,并也帮商家手上得此症的龙治理,治愈机率非常的低,也可谓是绝症之一。
4、内脏病变与细菌感染
此症表现为松鳞、突眼、涨肚,也是龙鱼肠胃病中绝症之一,治愈机率非常的低,但可尝试以头孢拉定浸泡,换水,但切记不能加温,水温要保持在28℃左右,水温过高,鳞片会全部掉落内脏衰竭立毙。
此文是笔者亲身经历与实战后而撰,略有不尽之处,请各位指点并加以修改。
作者:捷古佛烈
相信不少的朋友在饲养亚洲龙鱼都经历过龙鱼泛肠胃疾病的苦恼,笔者通过各种的渠道学习与实践,体会到不少相关实战的经历,在此与各位龙鱼的爱好者分享与交流心得。
龙鱼肠胃病多发于幼龙时期,其发病率与死亡率是相当高,而且得不到及时与有效的汉理,折损一些漂亮的个体是为之心痛。但对于只饲养一~两尾龙鱼的朋友来说,还没有太多的亲身经历与体会。
在挑选龙鱼带回家前,一定要细心留意龙鱼的状态,因为很多龙鱼的肠胃病都是处于潜伏期,当水质变异、食物营养失衡,喂食不当等外在因素引起下,此鱼就会发病。
一、
谈挑选龙鱼注意的地方:
1、
在挑选12~20CM尺寸龙鱼的时候,观看其头型,眼睛的比例与腹部的大小。12~20CM尺寸的龙鱼,两眼平贴有神,没有偏光侧游的表现,双眼与头盖骨之间是略呈突起状,眼睛与头型的比例合理,没有经过慢养与压养的过程。腹部观望之下,胃部还带食物,不呈肚皮凹状,如发现肚皮凹状的,证明此鱼的食欲状态不佳,吃食不多,处于弱者的状况者,千万不能挑选。
2、
观看鳃盖、鳞片的发色表现。在这在尺寸范围内的幼鱼,食欲状态好成长迅速者,鳃盖、鳞片的发色是基本在此龙体现不到的。因为现在市场上流通的龙鱼个体,小尺寸内发色明显者,有很大的机率是浸泡过药物与投喂扬色剂。具体鱼只会有这样的表现。鳃盖、鳞片的发色明显,但所表现出来的色质不真实,色质虚浮,从肚皮到第四排的鳞片中泛出暗黑的粉色,此色呈现像一层黑雾状(观看这些幼鱼并能发现问题所在的,需要一定资历的玩家才能体现)。
3、
观看各鳍着色与唇的表现,正常12CM左右尺寸的龙鱼,各鳍着色与唇应呈现橘黄色,而非鲜红色。因为血纯较好的个体,饲养中定水后饲养一月内,各鳍着色与唇会慢慢转变成暗红色即血红色。
4、
鱼只精神萎靡游动时各鳍收缩的,头型圆顿不尖翘,发色不正常的,这些个体笔者不建议挑选。
二、
略谈肠胃病的症状:
1、
脱肛
此龙有可能其自身的肠胃虚弱,也有可能是在商家手里压养或者做扬色过程,水质过老过酸的,请回家后,少换水,不定时定量投喂或者暴喂的,或者投喂带硬壳不容易消化的食物,引起肠胃紊乱,产生脱肛。如不及时处理,肛门红肿的,治理起来比较费劲。
治理:A检查水质情况,换水的频率是否合适。检查过滤棉,是否太脏应需要清洗。水温是否过高或者太低。这是治病前必须要做的事情,水质好坏决定病情调理的速度与效果。也就起到事半功倍的作用。
B停食两天至一周,视肛门与鱼只状态而定。每天适量换水,加入带碘的食盐。
C喂食容易消化的食物,虾要除壳。并在虾肉或者鱼肉内塞入维生素B片(笔者建议可以使用例如“安利纽崔莱”的维生素B片,因为直接吃入肚子内,比水剂的维生素B效果更明显)。也可以在水中添加食母生片(药房有售)。一天两次,每次2只虾肉为标准。
如果肛门出现红肿的,需要在虾肉入塞入十六分之一的土霉素片或者是呋喃唑酮片,并符加维生素B片。坚持一周,水质良好可以痊愈。
D病情好转后,维持并稳定水质的良好性是脱肛还会不会再复发的关键,三天适量换水一次,加入维生素B片或者食母生片(德彩的龙鱼活力也可),投喂食物应该小量多餐,切记不能暴喂。
2、食欲不振或者是能吃不长个的
其情况与脱肛鱼只相同,多为是扬色与压养的后遗症。治理与脱肛相同
3、腹水病(急性肠胃病)
腹
腹水病大多发生于幼龙时期,多为吃食不新鲜饵食,或饵食带刺(如虾头的虾剑),吞食时伤及内脏,而遭弧菌感染引起内脏积水。
初期腹部肿胀,肛门有红肿现象。末期时由于腹部积水,压及鱼鳔,而使龙鱼失去平衡,头部朝下。
治疗
目前此病症治愈机会极低,但可尝试以口服四环素抗生素或浸泡,并换水,
衡定温度在28℃。
笔者在混养时曾经因腹水病而折损一尾优质的红龙幼鱼,并也帮商家手上得此症的龙治理,治愈机率非常的低,也可谓是绝症之一。
4、内脏病变与细菌感染
此症表现为松鳞、突眼、涨肚,也是龙鱼肠胃病中绝症之一,治愈机率非常的低,但可尝试以头孢拉定浸泡,换水,但切记不能加温,水温要保持在28℃左右,水温过高,鳞片会全部掉落内脏衰竭立毙。
此文是笔者亲身经历与实战后而撰,略有不尽之处,请各位指点并加以修改。
Monday, September 21, 2009
过背饲养技巧
http://baike.longyu.cc/index.php?doc-view-330
随着过背的改良和引进,越来越多的新款过背被不断引进,饲养的鱼友相比以前也渐渐多了起来。新款的引入在饲养和表现发展等各方面带来了许多与以前不同的新问题,讨论一下解决的办法吧。
过背的血统随着新款的引入和级数的提升,应该说比起以往的很长时间来讲更为优异了。虽然改良仍然始终普遍存在,但高级的货色里纯血的因子比起以往加强了很多,大体而言,饲育中新出现的问题多数是由于级数的提高相伴而来。
一
怎样诱发它的金头?
金头的过背(GH)现在越来越流行,很多鱼友兴奋地买回金头过背,但总有一些金头过背并不能如偿所愿地满足心目中的期待。这一点上除了鱼本身的血统和级数以外,饲养的方式也有很大的关系。
总体而言,买到手的幼鱼如果有金头的表现,那么至少说明这鱼有金头的基因。到手以后,金头的表现是最不稳定的环节。麻醉、运输、惊吓、搬运都有可能造成金头的收敛和消褪。就新鱼到手的处理环节而言,第一位是尽快稳定鱼的情绪和状态。过水的过程也许很多鱼友做的并不到位。就以往的印象中,龙鱼是适应性比较强的鱼,过水基本上袋子内外同温就行了。但是这种大意和疏忽有可能给小小的金头过背带来一个不好的开始哦。过背是很敏感的龙鱼,相比于其他的品种而言,过背的饲养在各方面有非常独特的环节和手法,再加上金头表现在同一条鱼的各个表现方面来讲是相对很不稳定的一环,所以过水的过程必须仔细,让鱼从半麻醉、紧张、惊吓和高氨含量的环境逐渐适应新的水质和环境,避免PH和硬度的瞬间变化,这会给金头一个很好的开始。
买回过背的前几天,最好不要急着用极端的环境开始饲养,而是给它一个10天左右的适应时间。我05年有条过背曾经因为转换环境时机不当让我很伤了脑筋。环境颜色可以选用比较中性的灰色,因为是过渡阶段方便的做法是可以用报纸围起来;灯光不要太强,同时注意最好空间上有合理的控制。为了照顾它的情绪也可以在相隔的空间放几条小银龙,但不要混养在一起。由于很多过背之后会转入白色环境的饲养,所以在稳定阶段最好不要放在黑色背景中,否则变化过于剧烈会难以适应,同时黑背景也容易造成对金头的一些影响。
稳定以后,大多数的过背会转入白色环境的饲养。总的来说白色环境比黑色环境更能诱发金头的表现。现在对金头级数的评价主要是以金头的面积来评定的,白色环境在此节上显然比黑色环境或者蓝色环境更有优势。总的来说,环境色越白,金头的表现越容易诱发和持续。从材质上说,白板比白背景纸诱色的速度更快一些。黑色环境会使金粉向外发散的速度减慢甚至停滞,但在已经发色的区域会更快出现有更金的表现,但是由于幼鱼时期我们还是偏向于更大的金头面积,加强金质感可以稍微缓一步考虑,所以还是用白色诱色金头吧,毕竟,幼鱼时期诱发金头的时机是不容错过的,这个阶段比什么阶段都来得更为明显和快速。
在日常的饲养方面,金头的鱼特别要注意PH、硬度、NO3浓度的控制,弱酸的软水会使金头的发挥非常迅速,也会展现更金的表现。喂食的量一定要控制好,可以肯定
的说,不压就没有好的金头。所以减慢成长速度是必须的。食物的配比上,因为喂食量少,所以最好还是以鱼虾为主,避免幼鱼钙质摄入不足造成兜嘴等问题发生。灯光在幼鱼的阶段使用白灯管既可,照明的强度1.5M鱼缸40W是比较合适的,太亮会造成鱼的精神过于紧张,容易造成精神性障碍以及掉眼等问题,太暗会不利于色素的积累,造成发色黯淡。
水的硬度和PH值对于发色的影响,已经在以前的帖子里有过探讨,在此简单再提一下:弱酸软水有利于发色;弱酸软水环境下低NO3浓度的保持需要有效的过滤,有氧和无氧的区域要同时具备;良好合宜的换水频率和换水量,不要一次换太多,也不要太久不换水。
二
蓝底和金底究竟手法上有什么不同?
这是一个被讨论了无数次的话题,所以探讨此问题的难度是很大的,也是没有答案的。但为甚么还是作为一个问题提出呢,我还是想说说二者在饲养上的一些其他方法。
金底和蓝底最终都会越来越金,这是普遍共识。但是,传统方法上金底和蓝底的饲养和诱色方法现在证明是可以互易的,出现的是很不同的效果。
以前的方法上,水下TFC是搭配黑色背景使用的,上部白灯搭配的是白色环境。现在可以试试白背景+水下灯+上部灯。
水下灯确实在搭配黑色背景的前提下有加浓发色和保底缩框的作用,同时很重要的一点,水下灯的光源因为是侧面的来向,所以比其他上部光源能够更有效率的照射到鳞片,达到光线对于鳞片成熟和色素堆积的促进作用。上部灯在搭配白色环境的条件下能很大的提升金粉的表现度,金头和六排的金粉发色都很依赖此方法。二者在白色环境下的结合使用可以使过背在加强金质,浓密底色,发挥金粉、金头、六排方面的表现得到很快的发展。使用这样的方法当然也见仁见智,蓝底的鱼会诱发出很高的金质亮度,同时金头和六排会比黑色环境提前很多表现,缩框方面,虽不及黑色环境下搭配单纯水下灯来得细,但很大程度上能够有所兼顾;金底的鱼会在鳞片的成熟度上有很大的进展,换句话说,彩度更高,减轻了很多鱼单纯使用白灯搭配白环境带来的“白而不金”的情况。
等到认为诱色已经达到一定程度了,可以换回各自原本的环境和灯光搭配中,这样在弥补原有饲养方法短板的前提下更能对表现的全面提升有所帮助。
三
为什么六排迟迟不见表现?
首先,六排表现是血统决定的,这是基本点。
六排的表现因过背的类型不同而有着先天的差异。这主要是改良的路径类型不同和饲养的手法高下造成。类型的差异和6排的速度问题以前帖子里也已经讨论过,在此略过。但不论属于何种类型,六排的表现和水质、灯光有很大的关系。水质方面不提了。灯光大体而言分为幼鱼时期充分照明的阶段和中鱼时期控制照明阶段。幼鱼时期一般照明要求比较高,此阶段因为金粉、底粉、金头等等方面表现活跃,必须给予充分的照明以便诱发色素细胞的分生和积淀。中鱼阶段以后由于幼鱼时期的表现已经基本定型了,6排的底垢和照射光线量有很大的关系,如同人的皮肤,太阳晒的多了,自然会黑些。所以控制光量有必要,此阶段适当的控制光线照射能够使底垢色更快褪除,底色也相对更容易浮现。但是控制不是取消,因为金质的维系还是很大程度上仰赖光照的。如何控制就看个人的操作了。
四
怎样实现由银到金的转变?
过背“挑金不挑银”这是共识。只有级数上的去的鱼才能够真正实现由银到金的转变,否则很容易成为“有亮度没金质”的尴尬品相。说穿了,由银到金是过背成长与成熟的必然趋势,但是底粉,金质,金头,金粉的整体转金并不容易。这中间,金质越变越金应该说是只要鱼活下去就必然发生的,但其他几项并不是必然发生,必须结合前边提到的很多环节方能实现。总的来说,“银”是幼小和稚嫩的表现,“金”是成熟与老化的表现。幼小-成熟是相对于鱼来说,稚嫩-老化是相对于鳞片来讲的。前边提到,使用水下灯是使鳞片老化的利器,所以不妨用水下灯来做老鳞片。另外在此阶段,如果鱼不太大的话可以降低水位保证水下灯的光线能够均匀并且相对高强度的照射在鱼体上,这样也能达到不错的效果。如果是金底的鱼,再搭配白色环境和白灯加以“泛化”,会看到很金的表现,也使由银到金的转变能提前许多。
此外,控制投喂量和保持高水平的水质必须的。应该说这两点比前边说的更重要。
五
到底什么时候更换背景?
简单的说,更换背景是为了使鱼看起来更有金质表现的做法。但是更换背景之后由于环境色的加深,往往会造成底粉金粉的褪失和金头的收敛,所以并不是幼鱼时期推荐采取的方法。总的来说,什么时候表现稳定了,什么时候换背景。过背金在幼鱼阶段是诱色的最佳时机,各种表现的诱发难度小,表现出来快,但到了中鱼阶段会出现一段时间的发色停滞期。越高级的鱼这个阶段越不明显,并且幼鱼时期的表现也越容易固定下来。所以当过背进入中鱼时期,感觉观察到发色明显放缓的时候就可以考虑更换背景了。此时更换背景,主要是为了强调金质,为即将到来的成熟发色时期积蓄金质的积累。但并不是每一条过背都适合更换到深色的背景中去的。由于改良的类型不同,一些类型的鱼更换背景后会出现比较严重的退步。这些类型主要是改良比较多一些的品种,这些鱼的表现更依赖“粉”这种容易受到环境影响的不稳定发色形式,幼鱼时期这些鱼发色相对是比较迅速的,但是到更换背景的时候会有很大的影响。实在要转入深色的背景,也应该等待到成鱼以后,各种表现全面稳定的前提下逐渐变化。但并不是说这些类型的过背就一定逊色于其他类型,改良到如今,过背的表现很多样,表现的优劣不是单一标准的,这种鱼在合宜的手法下白色环境中展现的魅力也是其他类型的过背所不及的。
六
如何认识“压”的问题?
可以肯定的说,过背,不论什么级数,要想颠峰的色彩表现,都必须“压”。
对于龙鱼的自然生长或者抑制生长的讨论一直进行,但是如果从追求更优秀的表现方面来讲,“压”是绝对必要的。决定过背的品相不是大不大,而是金不金。
不论其他条件做的再好,如果不对生长控制,金头、六排、底粉、金粉、金质、底色、体型等等方面,是绝对不会有好的效果的。压鱼的技巧简要的说就是每日少量的持续喂食,搭配合理的膳食结构。此外,空间,水质,环境,灯光都会影响压鱼的效果,控制不好很容易造成兜嘴、掉眼等障碍,所以此节的把握是必须压,但要谨慎为之。
七 “先天”水质影响是决定性的吗?
所谓“先天”的水质是说饲主所在地区的区域水质条件。因为诱色的理想水质是低NO3环境的弱酸性软水,而很多地区,特别北方和西部的大多数城市水质普遍PH值在8左右,硬度在10左右,与这种要求相反。应该说作水是有必要的,处理过的水硬度和导电度拿下来,PH值也更容易降的下来,不会反弹。这对于过背的发色很有帮助。但要注意的是处理的标准必须要稳定,波动的PH值很容易造成溶鳞的发生,同时也不利于水的稳定和硝化系统的稳定运行,鱼的状态很容易受到影响。所以,如果对于处理水质没有足够的把握,最好不要处理。如果确实水质太硬,比较稳妥的办法是加入纯净水,这种方法虽然费用高一点但相对来讲安全的多。在PH和硬度导电度相对比较高一些的环境下,过背的发色,特别是金头和金粉的发色明显比酸软水环境下要慢一些,但只要其他方面的工作到位,也只是时间早晚问题,不应该造成表现的剧烈波动。所以对饲养水源预处理的作水环节因个人投入的精力和要求以及水平不同可以适当放宽,但过滤这种“后天”的工作可是绝对不能马虎的。
八、灯光和环境的影响究竟是怎么回事?
为什么过背金要用白色环境?
是为了催框亮底,6排提前表现。很多人这样认为。
为什么能催框亮底,6排提前表现?
这恐怕就不是每个人都会说的清了。
过背金用白管超光和白色环境诱色已经是广泛被接受的方式了,当初刚开始这样做的时候,很多鱼友认为有碍于金质的显现,而摒弃不用;后来渐渐地用的人多了,也开始尝试,但一到30公分就早早转换了背景,放进黑缸里欣赏金质去了。经过一段时间,有没有注意到,买回来的过背金怎么随着生长不是那么光洁亮丽了呢?这是怎么回事?怎么避免?
很多鱼友也用白色环境,但觉得此种方式过于单调,于是有的种植水草,有的铺底沙或者放很多其他东西以及混养鱼只。也有一些鱼友找个什么白色的幔子一围了事;或者干脆使用四面通透的缸饲养。这些都有可能是造成表现退步的原因。
白色作为现在过背金龙幼鱼时期使用的主要环境因素,其作用一般认为主要是在于营造环境色方面。白色往往搭配的是超光灯管。在这样的组合下,环境色发挥的作用不再单是环境颜色深浅,更重要的是配合超光灯管制造出了一个高亮度的环境。特别是缸底的白色底板尤其重要,因为那是上部灯光直射的区域,它反射的光线是最多最足的。在这样的环境下,一根灯管实际上发挥了远大于其自身在其他环境下的照明效果,而且投射到鱼体上的光线来向均匀,照度充分,能最大限度地刺激到鱼鳞表面的色素细胞。而实践证明,光线的充足程度和鱼鳞表面色素的堆积厚度有密切关系。所以,在这样的环境下,金质、底粉、金粉都能达到最大限度的发挥,至少是浓度方面(其他手法,它们共同作用方才具有最大化的效果。如果底部方面稍后讨论)。白色环境实际上是与上部白光照明搭配使用的一种白板的面积遮蔽过大,或者四周白色贴的不够紧密,或者鱼缸处于四面通透,那么无疑是浪费了大量的光线,使大多数光线不能通过白色的环境反射到鱼身上,而白白流失了,这是很可惜的。
九、什么时候转背景呢?
在适合的白色环境下,鱼的金质、底粉、金粉的浓度会达到最大,但也许肉眼看上去不是最金的。这很正常,因为环境色淡化了鱼体的色度表现。30公分以后,很多人就会转背景了。
为了追求更金更高的表现而将鱼转入深色的背景中饲养,这是普遍的做法,无可厚非。很多鱼友现在喜欢买25~30公分的鱼,这个尺寸的鱼表现稳定,也更容易饲养。拿到手上为了要看到“金”的表现,直接就采用黑色或者蓝色环境饲养。
但很多转入深色背景的鱼在经过1~2个月以后,会出现不同程度的表现退步。为什么呢?
因为鱼的表现还没有最终稳定,环境色,或者说得更透一些,鳞片色素堆积厚度受所吸收光线量的影响还很大。所以从转入黑色环境的时候起,鳞片色素的饱满度就在一点点减退,只是这个速度比较慢,慢于体色在深色环境下加深的速度。所以会在转换背景之初看起来的确金了很多;但随着时间的推移,鳞片色素的饱满度进一步下降,特别是还不稳定的底粉下降得最快。这时候会感觉鱼的光泽度明显不如刚转换背景一周时候的样子。再往后,鳞根会由蓝色逐渐变化成黄绿色的底色,这时候说明底粉已经相当薄了。同时感觉吃框现象明显加剧,因为底色薄了,金质的降低速度比底色变薄的速度慢所以自然金质会向鳞片内侧蔓延。如果很不幸地饲主又有大量喂食的饲养习惯,那么表现会褪的更快。30公分本来对于过背来讲就是一个比较微妙的饲养阶段,幼鱼时期的表现方式即将告一段落,成熟时期的金框发色尚未来临,整体发色处于相对停滞的状态,这时候饲养上出现这样的问题,很容易造成幼鱼时期的诱色效果前功尽弃,很多鱼友就是这样看着金金的中鱼一点点返垢失去光泽,无奈地度过30~45公分的阶段。
在贩售中,很多采用这种“时间差”的手段,将白色环境下鳞片色素表现厚实饱满的鱼放到深色缸里,鱼在1周内会变的又金又漂亮。这是正常的,也是可以理解的。但买到了鱼最好还是用白色环境养一段时间,观察表现是否已经稳定,再考虑是否进行环境色的转换。
所以,建议大家还是忍一忍,等鱼的表现进一步稳定了再考虑背景转换问题,40公分以后相对来说要稳定得多。
十、蓝底就一定要用黑色背景吗?
不是的。
一般黑色背景的饲养方式是搭配水下灯。水下灯是单侧照明,其优点是照明效果直接,不经过水面等等其他界面的反射和削弱就直达鱼体表面;因为它是单侧照明,所以鱼体的颜色会变得很深,已有的发色会很明显;缺点是强度可能会不够,而且光谱比较单一。一般认为水下灯有一定的锁框效果。
但是,对于表现尚未最终固定的鱼,这种方式不见得是一个马上可以用的办法。黑色环境下,光线不像白色环境下那样会充分反射到鱼体上,相反,会被大量吸收。缸内的光源来向是非常单一的,仅有灯管一个发光体。在这样的环境下,蓝底的鱼会缩框,但底粉会变得比较薄。相反,如果用白色环境饲养蓝底过背,底粉会变得厚实起来,加上水下灯,照样能看到缩框的效果。时不时可以搭配上部照明,给鳞片补补光(不过不要太多),也是不错的选择。
金底的鱼在这种饲养方式下,也会看到很明显的保底效果,鳞框会变得很犀利,框底泾渭分明,一鱼两玩,很有意思。日本一些玩法对红龙也采用这种方式,也有很好的效果,饲养的鱼鳞底干净,框底分明,颜色厚实,不色散。以前觉得红龙养在白色环境下很挑战,实际上,也是一种很好的诱色手段,掌握了诀窍,甚至比黑色环境下更能凸现鱼的潜质与魅力。
十一、蓝底用弱光是怎么回事?
很多前辈说,真正的蓝底过背不用灯光。这句话有道理,但又不全对。
前边说过,光线会加大底粉底色和金质的浓度。但另一方面,也会加深鳞垢的色素沉积,使得6排这样受到上方光线直射的区域本已浮现的底色变得不太明显,延缓底色“过背”的速度,而蓝底过背的“过背”表现正是焦点问题。同时,过强的光照也会造成金头金粉的收敛(其实是被底垢色加深而覆盖)。
真正的蓝底不是带有蓝色底色的过背,而是真正正统的蓝底鱼。和目前大量存在的蓝底和诸多改良版的蓝底不同,那是非常独特的鱼,金质的表现非常弱化,鳞框不论怎么养,也难以吃进鳞底。所以,这样的鱼不怕弱光的考验,只要控制住生长速度,鳞底的颜色不会发生由蓝向黄绿的转变,因为它只有蓝,没有别的底色;就像高级的红龙只有红而没有橘红或者黄色一样。同时,鳞框因为金质一环非常弱,所以不论是在什么样的环境和灯光条件下,都不会表现的很强,不用担心吃框等等问题。
这样,在弱光条件下,底色仍然蓝底,金质不再是考量的重点,6排又可以更早表现,难怪会说,蓝底不用灯光了。
但是,这样的方式下饲养,必须有高超的压鱼技巧,换句话说,就是怎么也不能让鱼长的太快,还要避免生长障碍。不然别说5排,4排也会因为快速生长显现底垢。所以既然这样,倒不如在有一定光线的环境内饲养,同时对生长速度进行适当的控制,放在自然光线充足的地方也是不错的选择。个人认为,白色环境仍是可取的,只是不要搭配上部灯,瓦数也要控制,用水下灯放在中部避免照射6排,这样的搭配下会出现非常好的效果。当然所有这些都是以优良的水质作为前提的。
十二、不同阶段诱色效果的固定怎么认识?
有人认为,所有的诱色手段都不过是掩耳盗铃的自欺欺人,认为血统到位的鱼一定能达到所期望的表现,故而对于诱色的方法和精谨的饲养方式不以为然。但我要说一句老话“内因是变化的根据,外因是变化的条件”。没有条件,这变化起来也是很难的啊。
很多鱼友追思在大量改良出现以前那些“纯种”的鱼,怀念那些随着成长逐渐焕发出光彩的个体,所谓“晚熟”的类型。事实上,90年代时期的那些鱼因为当时没有成熟的诱色技巧,所以很多是按照自然节奏慢慢表现出内在的光芒。现在这样的鱼没有了吗?不尽然。只是这样的鱼因为商业需求也采用了诱色的手段,表现提前绽放,而反被误解了。
在35公分以前如果撤换掉诱色的手段因素,鱼是比较容易还原到本来面目的。诱色的手段和以往恶劣的激素药物扬色有本质区别,它是用非化学的方式,通过改变环境因素激发鱼体内自身的适应机能从而达到提高表现度的目的,对鱼是无害的。在表现固定以前,所有这些显现出的表现都是鱼对环境因素适应的一种应激反映,所以刺激消失就会慢慢回到原来的自然状态。这种自然状态下鱼呈现的面目就是很多追求复古的鱼友津津乐道的。但并不是复古的鱼就不会对诱色手段出现反应。很多人说以前的美拉蓝如何如何,姑且不论还有没有这样货真价实的鱼,如果把美拉蓝也从小放入诱色手段的缸内饲养,它的底色也同样会变得厚重起来而缺少“层次感”,不信的话如果用李阿四的鱼试试就知道了,那样复古的鱼,同样会出现类似的现象。所以,鱼的改良是一方面,饲养方式也是一个方面啊。
不同血统的鱼(改良和混种程度不同)如果在同一诱色环境下呈现出的表现也不同。只有在同样的条件下进行比较才具有意义;反之用以往的照片或者观念中没有用环境诱色过的鱼与现在采用了环境诱色的鱼进行比较是有失偏颇的。
等到表现固定了,大约18~20个月的鱼,这时候转换背景就可以考虑了。同样,转换背景之初不同饲养历程的鱼的比较也是很难的。但有一点可以确定,采用了环境诱色和控制生长两大基本方法的鱼表现优于只用一种的,只用一种的优于一种都不用的。至于饲养观念那是个人观点,优劣见仁见智。经年之后,相同血统的鱼表现会逐渐*拢,幼年养功比较粗糙的鱼会逐渐有显著的提升。但养功的漫长经历仍会给鱼留下可寻的印记。
随着过背的改良和引进,越来越多的新款过背被不断引进,饲养的鱼友相比以前也渐渐多了起来。新款的引入在饲养和表现发展等各方面带来了许多与以前不同的新问题,讨论一下解决的办法吧。
过背的血统随着新款的引入和级数的提升,应该说比起以往的很长时间来讲更为优异了。虽然改良仍然始终普遍存在,但高级的货色里纯血的因子比起以往加强了很多,大体而言,饲育中新出现的问题多数是由于级数的提高相伴而来。
一
怎样诱发它的金头?
金头的过背(GH)现在越来越流行,很多鱼友兴奋地买回金头过背,但总有一些金头过背并不能如偿所愿地满足心目中的期待。这一点上除了鱼本身的血统和级数以外,饲养的方式也有很大的关系。
总体而言,买到手的幼鱼如果有金头的表现,那么至少说明这鱼有金头的基因。到手以后,金头的表现是最不稳定的环节。麻醉、运输、惊吓、搬运都有可能造成金头的收敛和消褪。就新鱼到手的处理环节而言,第一位是尽快稳定鱼的情绪和状态。过水的过程也许很多鱼友做的并不到位。就以往的印象中,龙鱼是适应性比较强的鱼,过水基本上袋子内外同温就行了。但是这种大意和疏忽有可能给小小的金头过背带来一个不好的开始哦。过背是很敏感的龙鱼,相比于其他的品种而言,过背的饲养在各方面有非常独特的环节和手法,再加上金头表现在同一条鱼的各个表现方面来讲是相对很不稳定的一环,所以过水的过程必须仔细,让鱼从半麻醉、紧张、惊吓和高氨含量的环境逐渐适应新的水质和环境,避免PH和硬度的瞬间变化,这会给金头一个很好的开始。
买回过背的前几天,最好不要急着用极端的环境开始饲养,而是给它一个10天左右的适应时间。我05年有条过背曾经因为转换环境时机不当让我很伤了脑筋。环境颜色可以选用比较中性的灰色,因为是过渡阶段方便的做法是可以用报纸围起来;灯光不要太强,同时注意最好空间上有合理的控制。为了照顾它的情绪也可以在相隔的空间放几条小银龙,但不要混养在一起。由于很多过背之后会转入白色环境的饲养,所以在稳定阶段最好不要放在黑色背景中,否则变化过于剧烈会难以适应,同时黑背景也容易造成对金头的一些影响。
稳定以后,大多数的过背会转入白色环境的饲养。总的来说白色环境比黑色环境更能诱发金头的表现。现在对金头级数的评价主要是以金头的面积来评定的,白色环境在此节上显然比黑色环境或者蓝色环境更有优势。总的来说,环境色越白,金头的表现越容易诱发和持续。从材质上说,白板比白背景纸诱色的速度更快一些。黑色环境会使金粉向外发散的速度减慢甚至停滞,但在已经发色的区域会更快出现有更金的表现,但是由于幼鱼时期我们还是偏向于更大的金头面积,加强金质感可以稍微缓一步考虑,所以还是用白色诱色金头吧,毕竟,幼鱼时期诱发金头的时机是不容错过的,这个阶段比什么阶段都来得更为明显和快速。
在日常的饲养方面,金头的鱼特别要注意PH、硬度、NO3浓度的控制,弱酸的软水会使金头的发挥非常迅速,也会展现更金的表现。喂食的量一定要控制好,可以肯定
的说,不压就没有好的金头。所以减慢成长速度是必须的。食物的配比上,因为喂食量少,所以最好还是以鱼虾为主,避免幼鱼钙质摄入不足造成兜嘴等问题发生。灯光在幼鱼的阶段使用白灯管既可,照明的强度1.5M鱼缸40W是比较合适的,太亮会造成鱼的精神过于紧张,容易造成精神性障碍以及掉眼等问题,太暗会不利于色素的积累,造成发色黯淡。
水的硬度和PH值对于发色的影响,已经在以前的帖子里有过探讨,在此简单再提一下:弱酸软水有利于发色;弱酸软水环境下低NO3浓度的保持需要有效的过滤,有氧和无氧的区域要同时具备;良好合宜的换水频率和换水量,不要一次换太多,也不要太久不换水。
二
蓝底和金底究竟手法上有什么不同?
这是一个被讨论了无数次的话题,所以探讨此问题的难度是很大的,也是没有答案的。但为甚么还是作为一个问题提出呢,我还是想说说二者在饲养上的一些其他方法。
金底和蓝底最终都会越来越金,这是普遍共识。但是,传统方法上金底和蓝底的饲养和诱色方法现在证明是可以互易的,出现的是很不同的效果。
以前的方法上,水下TFC是搭配黑色背景使用的,上部白灯搭配的是白色环境。现在可以试试白背景+水下灯+上部灯。
水下灯确实在搭配黑色背景的前提下有加浓发色和保底缩框的作用,同时很重要的一点,水下灯的光源因为是侧面的来向,所以比其他上部光源能够更有效率的照射到鳞片,达到光线对于鳞片成熟和色素堆积的促进作用。上部灯在搭配白色环境的条件下能很大的提升金粉的表现度,金头和六排的金粉发色都很依赖此方法。二者在白色环境下的结合使用可以使过背在加强金质,浓密底色,发挥金粉、金头、六排方面的表现得到很快的发展。使用这样的方法当然也见仁见智,蓝底的鱼会诱发出很高的金质亮度,同时金头和六排会比黑色环境提前很多表现,缩框方面,虽不及黑色环境下搭配单纯水下灯来得细,但很大程度上能够有所兼顾;金底的鱼会在鳞片的成熟度上有很大的进展,换句话说,彩度更高,减轻了很多鱼单纯使用白灯搭配白环境带来的“白而不金”的情况。
等到认为诱色已经达到一定程度了,可以换回各自原本的环境和灯光搭配中,这样在弥补原有饲养方法短板的前提下更能对表现的全面提升有所帮助。
三
为什么六排迟迟不见表现?
首先,六排表现是血统决定的,这是基本点。
六排的表现因过背的类型不同而有着先天的差异。这主要是改良的路径类型不同和饲养的手法高下造成。类型的差异和6排的速度问题以前帖子里也已经讨论过,在此略过。但不论属于何种类型,六排的表现和水质、灯光有很大的关系。水质方面不提了。灯光大体而言分为幼鱼时期充分照明的阶段和中鱼时期控制照明阶段。幼鱼时期一般照明要求比较高,此阶段因为金粉、底粉、金头等等方面表现活跃,必须给予充分的照明以便诱发色素细胞的分生和积淀。中鱼阶段以后由于幼鱼时期的表现已经基本定型了,6排的底垢和照射光线量有很大的关系,如同人的皮肤,太阳晒的多了,自然会黑些。所以控制光量有必要,此阶段适当的控制光线照射能够使底垢色更快褪除,底色也相对更容易浮现。但是控制不是取消,因为金质的维系还是很大程度上仰赖光照的。如何控制就看个人的操作了。
四
怎样实现由银到金的转变?
过背“挑金不挑银”这是共识。只有级数上的去的鱼才能够真正实现由银到金的转变,否则很容易成为“有亮度没金质”的尴尬品相。说穿了,由银到金是过背成长与成熟的必然趋势,但是底粉,金质,金头,金粉的整体转金并不容易。这中间,金质越变越金应该说是只要鱼活下去就必然发生的,但其他几项并不是必然发生,必须结合前边提到的很多环节方能实现。总的来说,“银”是幼小和稚嫩的表现,“金”是成熟与老化的表现。幼小-成熟是相对于鱼来说,稚嫩-老化是相对于鳞片来讲的。前边提到,使用水下灯是使鳞片老化的利器,所以不妨用水下灯来做老鳞片。另外在此阶段,如果鱼不太大的话可以降低水位保证水下灯的光线能够均匀并且相对高强度的照射在鱼体上,这样也能达到不错的效果。如果是金底的鱼,再搭配白色环境和白灯加以“泛化”,会看到很金的表现,也使由银到金的转变能提前许多。
此外,控制投喂量和保持高水平的水质必须的。应该说这两点比前边说的更重要。
五
到底什么时候更换背景?
简单的说,更换背景是为了使鱼看起来更有金质表现的做法。但是更换背景之后由于环境色的加深,往往会造成底粉金粉的褪失和金头的收敛,所以并不是幼鱼时期推荐采取的方法。总的来说,什么时候表现稳定了,什么时候换背景。过背金在幼鱼阶段是诱色的最佳时机,各种表现的诱发难度小,表现出来快,但到了中鱼阶段会出现一段时间的发色停滞期。越高级的鱼这个阶段越不明显,并且幼鱼时期的表现也越容易固定下来。所以当过背进入中鱼时期,感觉观察到发色明显放缓的时候就可以考虑更换背景了。此时更换背景,主要是为了强调金质,为即将到来的成熟发色时期积蓄金质的积累。但并不是每一条过背都适合更换到深色的背景中去的。由于改良的类型不同,一些类型的鱼更换背景后会出现比较严重的退步。这些类型主要是改良比较多一些的品种,这些鱼的表现更依赖“粉”这种容易受到环境影响的不稳定发色形式,幼鱼时期这些鱼发色相对是比较迅速的,但是到更换背景的时候会有很大的影响。实在要转入深色的背景,也应该等待到成鱼以后,各种表现全面稳定的前提下逐渐变化。但并不是说这些类型的过背就一定逊色于其他类型,改良到如今,过背的表现很多样,表现的优劣不是单一标准的,这种鱼在合宜的手法下白色环境中展现的魅力也是其他类型的过背所不及的。
六
如何认识“压”的问题?
可以肯定的说,过背,不论什么级数,要想颠峰的色彩表现,都必须“压”。
对于龙鱼的自然生长或者抑制生长的讨论一直进行,但是如果从追求更优秀的表现方面来讲,“压”是绝对必要的。决定过背的品相不是大不大,而是金不金。
不论其他条件做的再好,如果不对生长控制,金头、六排、底粉、金粉、金质、底色、体型等等方面,是绝对不会有好的效果的。压鱼的技巧简要的说就是每日少量的持续喂食,搭配合理的膳食结构。此外,空间,水质,环境,灯光都会影响压鱼的效果,控制不好很容易造成兜嘴、掉眼等障碍,所以此节的把握是必须压,但要谨慎为之。
七 “先天”水质影响是决定性的吗?
所谓“先天”的水质是说饲主所在地区的区域水质条件。因为诱色的理想水质是低NO3环境的弱酸性软水,而很多地区,特别北方和西部的大多数城市水质普遍PH值在8左右,硬度在10左右,与这种要求相反。应该说作水是有必要的,处理过的水硬度和导电度拿下来,PH值也更容易降的下来,不会反弹。这对于过背的发色很有帮助。但要注意的是处理的标准必须要稳定,波动的PH值很容易造成溶鳞的发生,同时也不利于水的稳定和硝化系统的稳定运行,鱼的状态很容易受到影响。所以,如果对于处理水质没有足够的把握,最好不要处理。如果确实水质太硬,比较稳妥的办法是加入纯净水,这种方法虽然费用高一点但相对来讲安全的多。在PH和硬度导电度相对比较高一些的环境下,过背的发色,特别是金头和金粉的发色明显比酸软水环境下要慢一些,但只要其他方面的工作到位,也只是时间早晚问题,不应该造成表现的剧烈波动。所以对饲养水源预处理的作水环节因个人投入的精力和要求以及水平不同可以适当放宽,但过滤这种“后天”的工作可是绝对不能马虎的。
八、灯光和环境的影响究竟是怎么回事?
为什么过背金要用白色环境?
是为了催框亮底,6排提前表现。很多人这样认为。
为什么能催框亮底,6排提前表现?
这恐怕就不是每个人都会说的清了。
过背金用白管超光和白色环境诱色已经是广泛被接受的方式了,当初刚开始这样做的时候,很多鱼友认为有碍于金质的显现,而摒弃不用;后来渐渐地用的人多了,也开始尝试,但一到30公分就早早转换了背景,放进黑缸里欣赏金质去了。经过一段时间,有没有注意到,买回来的过背金怎么随着生长不是那么光洁亮丽了呢?这是怎么回事?怎么避免?
很多鱼友也用白色环境,但觉得此种方式过于单调,于是有的种植水草,有的铺底沙或者放很多其他东西以及混养鱼只。也有一些鱼友找个什么白色的幔子一围了事;或者干脆使用四面通透的缸饲养。这些都有可能是造成表现退步的原因。
白色作为现在过背金龙幼鱼时期使用的主要环境因素,其作用一般认为主要是在于营造环境色方面。白色往往搭配的是超光灯管。在这样的组合下,环境色发挥的作用不再单是环境颜色深浅,更重要的是配合超光灯管制造出了一个高亮度的环境。特别是缸底的白色底板尤其重要,因为那是上部灯光直射的区域,它反射的光线是最多最足的。在这样的环境下,一根灯管实际上发挥了远大于其自身在其他环境下的照明效果,而且投射到鱼体上的光线来向均匀,照度充分,能最大限度地刺激到鱼鳞表面的色素细胞。而实践证明,光线的充足程度和鱼鳞表面色素的堆积厚度有密切关系。所以,在这样的环境下,金质、底粉、金粉都能达到最大限度的发挥,至少是浓度方面(其他手法,它们共同作用方才具有最大化的效果。如果底部方面稍后讨论)。白色环境实际上是与上部白光照明搭配使用的一种白板的面积遮蔽过大,或者四周白色贴的不够紧密,或者鱼缸处于四面通透,那么无疑是浪费了大量的光线,使大多数光线不能通过白色的环境反射到鱼身上,而白白流失了,这是很可惜的。
九、什么时候转背景呢?
在适合的白色环境下,鱼的金质、底粉、金粉的浓度会达到最大,但也许肉眼看上去不是最金的。这很正常,因为环境色淡化了鱼体的色度表现。30公分以后,很多人就会转背景了。
为了追求更金更高的表现而将鱼转入深色的背景中饲养,这是普遍的做法,无可厚非。很多鱼友现在喜欢买25~30公分的鱼,这个尺寸的鱼表现稳定,也更容易饲养。拿到手上为了要看到“金”的表现,直接就采用黑色或者蓝色环境饲养。
但很多转入深色背景的鱼在经过1~2个月以后,会出现不同程度的表现退步。为什么呢?
因为鱼的表现还没有最终稳定,环境色,或者说得更透一些,鳞片色素堆积厚度受所吸收光线量的影响还很大。所以从转入黑色环境的时候起,鳞片色素的饱满度就在一点点减退,只是这个速度比较慢,慢于体色在深色环境下加深的速度。所以会在转换背景之初看起来的确金了很多;但随着时间的推移,鳞片色素的饱满度进一步下降,特别是还不稳定的底粉下降得最快。这时候会感觉鱼的光泽度明显不如刚转换背景一周时候的样子。再往后,鳞根会由蓝色逐渐变化成黄绿色的底色,这时候说明底粉已经相当薄了。同时感觉吃框现象明显加剧,因为底色薄了,金质的降低速度比底色变薄的速度慢所以自然金质会向鳞片内侧蔓延。如果很不幸地饲主又有大量喂食的饲养习惯,那么表现会褪的更快。30公分本来对于过背来讲就是一个比较微妙的饲养阶段,幼鱼时期的表现方式即将告一段落,成熟时期的金框发色尚未来临,整体发色处于相对停滞的状态,这时候饲养上出现这样的问题,很容易造成幼鱼时期的诱色效果前功尽弃,很多鱼友就是这样看着金金的中鱼一点点返垢失去光泽,无奈地度过30~45公分的阶段。
在贩售中,很多采用这种“时间差”的手段,将白色环境下鳞片色素表现厚实饱满的鱼放到深色缸里,鱼在1周内会变的又金又漂亮。这是正常的,也是可以理解的。但买到了鱼最好还是用白色环境养一段时间,观察表现是否已经稳定,再考虑是否进行环境色的转换。
所以,建议大家还是忍一忍,等鱼的表现进一步稳定了再考虑背景转换问题,40公分以后相对来说要稳定得多。
十、蓝底就一定要用黑色背景吗?
不是的。
一般黑色背景的饲养方式是搭配水下灯。水下灯是单侧照明,其优点是照明效果直接,不经过水面等等其他界面的反射和削弱就直达鱼体表面;因为它是单侧照明,所以鱼体的颜色会变得很深,已有的发色会很明显;缺点是强度可能会不够,而且光谱比较单一。一般认为水下灯有一定的锁框效果。
但是,对于表现尚未最终固定的鱼,这种方式不见得是一个马上可以用的办法。黑色环境下,光线不像白色环境下那样会充分反射到鱼体上,相反,会被大量吸收。缸内的光源来向是非常单一的,仅有灯管一个发光体。在这样的环境下,蓝底的鱼会缩框,但底粉会变得比较薄。相反,如果用白色环境饲养蓝底过背,底粉会变得厚实起来,加上水下灯,照样能看到缩框的效果。时不时可以搭配上部照明,给鳞片补补光(不过不要太多),也是不错的选择。
金底的鱼在这种饲养方式下,也会看到很明显的保底效果,鳞框会变得很犀利,框底泾渭分明,一鱼两玩,很有意思。日本一些玩法对红龙也采用这种方式,也有很好的效果,饲养的鱼鳞底干净,框底分明,颜色厚实,不色散。以前觉得红龙养在白色环境下很挑战,实际上,也是一种很好的诱色手段,掌握了诀窍,甚至比黑色环境下更能凸现鱼的潜质与魅力。
十一、蓝底用弱光是怎么回事?
很多前辈说,真正的蓝底过背不用灯光。这句话有道理,但又不全对。
前边说过,光线会加大底粉底色和金质的浓度。但另一方面,也会加深鳞垢的色素沉积,使得6排这样受到上方光线直射的区域本已浮现的底色变得不太明显,延缓底色“过背”的速度,而蓝底过背的“过背”表现正是焦点问题。同时,过强的光照也会造成金头金粉的收敛(其实是被底垢色加深而覆盖)。
真正的蓝底不是带有蓝色底色的过背,而是真正正统的蓝底鱼。和目前大量存在的蓝底和诸多改良版的蓝底不同,那是非常独特的鱼,金质的表现非常弱化,鳞框不论怎么养,也难以吃进鳞底。所以,这样的鱼不怕弱光的考验,只要控制住生长速度,鳞底的颜色不会发生由蓝向黄绿的转变,因为它只有蓝,没有别的底色;就像高级的红龙只有红而没有橘红或者黄色一样。同时,鳞框因为金质一环非常弱,所以不论是在什么样的环境和灯光条件下,都不会表现的很强,不用担心吃框等等问题。
这样,在弱光条件下,底色仍然蓝底,金质不再是考量的重点,6排又可以更早表现,难怪会说,蓝底不用灯光了。
但是,这样的方式下饲养,必须有高超的压鱼技巧,换句话说,就是怎么也不能让鱼长的太快,还要避免生长障碍。不然别说5排,4排也会因为快速生长显现底垢。所以既然这样,倒不如在有一定光线的环境内饲养,同时对生长速度进行适当的控制,放在自然光线充足的地方也是不错的选择。个人认为,白色环境仍是可取的,只是不要搭配上部灯,瓦数也要控制,用水下灯放在中部避免照射6排,这样的搭配下会出现非常好的效果。当然所有这些都是以优良的水质作为前提的。
十二、不同阶段诱色效果的固定怎么认识?
有人认为,所有的诱色手段都不过是掩耳盗铃的自欺欺人,认为血统到位的鱼一定能达到所期望的表现,故而对于诱色的方法和精谨的饲养方式不以为然。但我要说一句老话“内因是变化的根据,外因是变化的条件”。没有条件,这变化起来也是很难的啊。
很多鱼友追思在大量改良出现以前那些“纯种”的鱼,怀念那些随着成长逐渐焕发出光彩的个体,所谓“晚熟”的类型。事实上,90年代时期的那些鱼因为当时没有成熟的诱色技巧,所以很多是按照自然节奏慢慢表现出内在的光芒。现在这样的鱼没有了吗?不尽然。只是这样的鱼因为商业需求也采用了诱色的手段,表现提前绽放,而反被误解了。
在35公分以前如果撤换掉诱色的手段因素,鱼是比较容易还原到本来面目的。诱色的手段和以往恶劣的激素药物扬色有本质区别,它是用非化学的方式,通过改变环境因素激发鱼体内自身的适应机能从而达到提高表现度的目的,对鱼是无害的。在表现固定以前,所有这些显现出的表现都是鱼对环境因素适应的一种应激反映,所以刺激消失就会慢慢回到原来的自然状态。这种自然状态下鱼呈现的面目就是很多追求复古的鱼友津津乐道的。但并不是复古的鱼就不会对诱色手段出现反应。很多人说以前的美拉蓝如何如何,姑且不论还有没有这样货真价实的鱼,如果把美拉蓝也从小放入诱色手段的缸内饲养,它的底色也同样会变得厚重起来而缺少“层次感”,不信的话如果用李阿四的鱼试试就知道了,那样复古的鱼,同样会出现类似的现象。所以,鱼的改良是一方面,饲养方式也是一个方面啊。
不同血统的鱼(改良和混种程度不同)如果在同一诱色环境下呈现出的表现也不同。只有在同样的条件下进行比较才具有意义;反之用以往的照片或者观念中没有用环境诱色过的鱼与现在采用了环境诱色的鱼进行比较是有失偏颇的。
等到表现固定了,大约18~20个月的鱼,这时候转换背景就可以考虑了。同样,转换背景之初不同饲养历程的鱼的比较也是很难的。但有一点可以确定,采用了环境诱色和控制生长两大基本方法的鱼表现优于只用一种的,只用一种的优于一种都不用的。至于饲养观念那是个人观点,优劣见仁见智。经年之后,相同血统的鱼表现会逐渐*拢,幼年养功比较粗糙的鱼会逐渐有显著的提升。但养功的漫长经历仍会给鱼留下可寻的印记。
Saturday, September 19, 2009
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
Count the money.
This is the money facts that most investors would liked to figure out :
Spawning :
Male dragon fish mature earlier than females. Most male fish mature at 3 - 4 years and female fish at 4-5 yrs. our experience in spawning the fish in earthen ponds shows that spawning in the population takes place throughour the year. about two to three months before spawning. the fish select their partners and for pairs, whereupon the pair starts to display the unique courtship behaviour of dragon fish. Initially, the couple swim in circles, with the male trailing the female. This behaviour is easily visible in ponds at night with the assistance of s strong spotlight. About one or two weeks before spawningthe wo fish swim side by side, and there is a lot of body contact between the pair. Feeding drops drastically towards the time of spawning. Immediateely after spawning, the male picks up the fertilised eggs in his mouth n broods them until the eggs hatch and the larvae develop into free-swimming fry. In farming practice, the larvae, still with their yolk sacs, are removed fr the father's mouth approximately two weeks after spawning. Removal of theeggs is carried out during a physical check for brooding males.
To release the eggs or larvae, the mouth of the brooding male is gently prised open. An average of 30 to 35 larvae can be found in a single brood, with the maximum recorded for red dragons being 62 and for gold and green dragons 93 each.
Research by the PPD with a commercial farm showed that abt 5 - 17% of the male spawners in a pond can be found brooding at a single checking operation, the average brooding rate being 12.4%.
By implanting an electronic microtag into selected males, PPD researchers could follow the spawning performance of individual fish. in a two year period, it was found that abt 30% of the male spawners incubated eggs or larvae in their mouth at least once, with the maximum being five times. The male fish which brooded five times produced a total of 188 larvae in that period. This is also the same fish found incubating 62 larvae in a single brood.
The average interval between consecutive broods ranges fr four to eight months, with the shortest interval being only 80 days.
Taken from a book titled : The dragon fish
# hmm...the key point to successful arowana farming is besides god giving that we chose the right couples, are as below :
1) those arowana needs to be feed properly.
2) Water quality is utmost important, else the male will tends to swallow or eat the eggs.
3) needs someone to really monitor the behaviour of the fish n make sure that correct timing to harvest the eggs.
...one thing for sure that u will have problem if u rent pond wt ppls is
these two needs to be careful :
they can easily take the larvae n not inform u.
they will stingy in feeding the fish.
more profitable if u just buy land, korek ponds n pay fortune to get license n rent the pond...
Spawning :
Male dragon fish mature earlier than females. Most male fish mature at 3 - 4 years and female fish at 4-5 yrs. our experience in spawning the fish in earthen ponds shows that spawning in the population takes place throughour the year. about two to three months before spawning. the fish select their partners and for pairs, whereupon the pair starts to display the unique courtship behaviour of dragon fish. Initially, the couple swim in circles, with the male trailing the female. This behaviour is easily visible in ponds at night with the assistance of s strong spotlight. About one or two weeks before spawningthe wo fish swim side by side, and there is a lot of body contact between the pair. Feeding drops drastically towards the time of spawning. Immediateely after spawning, the male picks up the fertilised eggs in his mouth n broods them until the eggs hatch and the larvae develop into free-swimming fry. In farming practice, the larvae, still with their yolk sacs, are removed fr the father's mouth approximately two weeks after spawning. Removal of theeggs is carried out during a physical check for brooding males.
To release the eggs or larvae, the mouth of the brooding male is gently prised open. An average of 30 to 35 larvae can be found in a single brood, with the maximum recorded for red dragons being 62 and for gold and green dragons 93 each.
Research by the PPD with a commercial farm showed that abt 5 - 17% of the male spawners in a pond can be found brooding at a single checking operation, the average brooding rate being 12.4%.
By implanting an electronic microtag into selected males, PPD researchers could follow the spawning performance of individual fish. in a two year period, it was found that abt 30% of the male spawners incubated eggs or larvae in their mouth at least once, with the maximum being five times. The male fish which brooded five times produced a total of 188 larvae in that period. This is also the same fish found incubating 62 larvae in a single brood.
The average interval between consecutive broods ranges fr four to eight months, with the shortest interval being only 80 days.
Taken from a book titled : The dragon fish
# hmm...the key point to successful arowana farming is besides god giving that we chose the right couples, are as below :
1) those arowana needs to be feed properly.
2) Water quality is utmost important, else the male will tends to swallow or eat the eggs.
3) needs someone to really monitor the behaviour of the fish n make sure that correct timing to harvest the eggs.
...one thing for sure that u will have problem if u rent pond wt ppls is
these two needs to be careful :
they can easily take the larvae n not inform u.
they will stingy in feeding the fish.
more profitable if u just buy land, korek ponds n pay fortune to get license n rent the pond...
Monday, September 14, 2009
Breeding pattern of Arowana (Indo Dragon)
Many hobbyists are keen to know if it is possible to breed Arowanas in the tank. Reasons for this interest vary from individual to individual but the most common driving force we know of is the enterprising spirit.
IN THE WILD
In the wild, the Arowanas prefers to stay in shallow waters (above five feet deep), near riverbanks and in shaded areas. Arowanas prefer these areas not because they are avoiding the elements, but because insects are plentiful in shaded areas and these are their main source of food. Arowanas also spawn in these areas. Parents take care of their young until they are able to feed on their own. This is usually about 50 days after the eggs have been laid and the yolk sacs have disappeared from the underside of the young Arowanas.
IN CAPTIVITY
The conditions of the pond were controlled to be as close to the Arowanas preferred natural environment. Weeds, floating logs and leaves were left in the pond to achieve this effect. Between 30 to 40 Arowanas between the ages of five and seven, half of them male, half of them female were released in the pond. They were left in the pond to allow them to pair themselves off, while the fish farmers observed from afar with binocular.
After sometime (between one and six months): compatible male and female Arowanas couple by themselves. However, this does not mean that with 30 to 40 Arowanas, you will see 15 to 20 pairs. On the contrary, it is sometimes impossible to get even one pair.
The farmers continued to keep a close watch on the pair. About 30 days later, the spawning was successful as the male was seen releasing young Arowanas from his mouth for between three and five minutes before drawing them back into his mouth again. At this stage, a net was dropped into the pond to segregate the couple and their young from the other Arowanas. After the young were free-swimming, they were netted and kept in separate tanks to grown individually, feeding on bloodworms.
Observations have shown that the female Arowana spawns once a year and each successful spawn produces between 30 and 80 young.
The Arowana prefers a 125 gallon tank with a fine gravel bottom, loosely planted, and soft, peaty water with lots of open space above for swimming. The aquarium must be fitted with a tight, heavy cover because the Arowana will jump, particularly when after prey. After breeding, the male Silver Arowana is responsible for carrying the large eggs in his mouth where they mature in 50 to 60 days. When young, these fish are easily harassed by more aggressive species such as Cichlids, Knife fish, large Plecostomus, Catfish, and Ornate Bichirs make good tank mates for the Silver Arowana. A carnivore, the Silver Arowana will eat other smaller fish, water fleas, mosquito larvae, as well as freeze-dried ocean plankton, krill and pellet foods.
Spawning behavior
The fish shows unique courtship behavior. The courting chase takes place from several days to weeks before the pair starts to mate. They will swim in circles with male chasing the female.
About 1-2 weeks before spawning takes place, the fish swims side by side and perform body contact between pair. After the courtship behavior takes place, the female will lay the eggs and then promptly fertilized by the male. After fertilization, the male picks up the eggs and incubates them until the fry can swim and survive independently.
The eggs are large in size about 8-10mm and yolk rich, hatched about one week after fertilization. After hatching, the young larvae continue to live in the male’s mouth for further 7-8 weeks until the yolk sac was totally absorbed. The size of the fry was 45-50mm before they are move out of the males’ buccal cavity.
REMOVING OF EGGS FROM MALE'S MOUTH
In the study, the fertilized eggs were forced extruded from males’ mouth at the 30th day after spawning. The average number of the eggs produced in a single brood was 21 larvae with the maximum number recorded 29.
The eggs are orange-red in color and are large in size with diameter 16-20 mm. Once removed from the parents’ mouth, the half-developed larvae were incubated in glass aquarium tanks, measuring 90x45x45cm. Water temperature is kept around 27-29 degree C using a thermostat heater and dissolved oxygen is maintained at about 5 ppm (mg/l) through continuous aeration of the water. During the first few weeks when the larvae are still having large yolk sac, they tend to remain at the bottom of the tank most of the time. The fry start to swim upward periodically when the yolk sac becomes smaller.
Using the in vitro hatching technique, the survival rate to free swimming stage achieved is 90-100%. The fry will swim freely on the 7th week. Supplementary external live feed (young guppy) was given at the early free-swimming stage to avoid the fry from attacking each other. At the age of the 6th month the fingerlings were reared individually in 75 x 45 x 45cm re-circulating water system tank. At this age the fry measured about 20-25cm length and were ready for market.
Eight pieces of Malaysian Golden Dragon were reared in 5m x 5m concrete tank and water depth about 0.5m. pH of water was maintained between 6.8-7.5 and temperature 27-29oC. A ’spawning room’ were built at one corner of the concrete tank. It is hoped that the condition will create a natural living environment for the fish. Live feed such as crickets, wild guppy, freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium lanchestrii) and gold fish were given daily. Pellet feed was also given as the supplementary food.
MATURITY
The fish attain first maturity from the 4th year onwards and measure between 45-60cm. The fish spawn throughout the year with the peak season occurring between July and December. In nature the male incubates the fertilized eggs in its’ bucca cavity until the fry is free swimming at about 2 months.
Sexual differences are indiscernible in juvenile stage and become apparent after maturity is reached in about 3-4 years. Male posses slimmer and shallower body depth, bigger mouth and more intense color then the females.
The reasons for having wider mouth and deeper lower jaw in males are for eggs incubating purposes. The size of the males’ head is relatively bigger. Male is more aggressive and leading in competition for food.
A brooding male can be recognized by its remarkable brood pouch underside its mouth.
Aro will be mature and ready for spawning when they are 3 to 5 years old. Usually, the spawning will only take place in the pond where it's more natural environment.
Also, pairing them is also another challenge. As it is rather difficult to sexing them, breeders usually put in many Aros into a pond and let them pair themselves.
When pairing has occured, you will see a pair swimming next to each in a circle. By day they swims in slow circles, the male trailing the female; by night they still swim in circles, but at high speed. This courtship will continued for 2-3 months.
Near the end of the courtship, the fish will be getting more excited, they will swim a bit faster all the time and in tighter circles.
At this point they will feed heavily. Then the male will stop following behind the female and the fish swims slowly side by side. In addition, the circle will be even tighter. Sometimes, the male would bite the female's fins, though they may be tattered, but usually the female do not retreat from the male and in fact the bond between the pair will be strengthen, with lots of rubbing and other body contact.
The appetites of the fish at this will drop markedly, though they will still eat little occasionally. Then fish will move in very slow, very tight circles. The female is kept to the tile outside of the circle and would sometimes remain motionless as the male continue to circiling. Occasionally the fish woult both be stationary, rubbing against each other.
Then the fish will stop swimming around and lay quietly just above the bottom, rubbing against each other. Then quite suddenly, they will spawn. With a spasm, the female will release a cluster of eggs, which the male simultaneously fetilised with a near invisible cloud of sperm. Immediately the male began to scoop up the eggs into his mouth. With a very soft touch, he will pick up one by one.
The female may eat a few egg, the male don't but his mouth will be swollen with his brood. The eggs are about 40 to 60 of them with a diameter of 15-18 mm. Orange-red in colour, non-adhesive.
After spawning, both Aro will swim together all the time. When view from the front, the male shows twin oval black markings on his lower jaw. Generally knowns as 'Brooding Marks". The female will swim slightly above the male, with her pectoral fins spread horizontally, like an honour guard.
The eggs will stay inside the male's mouth for more than a month, he may still may not release the fries out but his mouth will be very swollen. During these time, the male may ate a few of the eggs. Soon after the male will release the fries to swim outside for a short period of time. If they fell threatened, they will immediately return to the father's mouth. Also, the fries will always return to their father's mouth at night. The father during this time, his movement is somewhat sluggish and slow, or rest motionless on the bottom or at the surface. He may be more active at night.
About another 2 weeks or so, 60 days after spawning, the fries finally swim free from their father for extended period of time, though they may be close to his mouth but may not return inside. Their yolk sac would be very small by now. Then you may remove the father.
Once the egg sac completely disappear, then you may start feeding live bloodworms or live 'White Clouds'. At this time (60 days after spawning), the fries is about 3 inches long. Then at 120 days, they will be around 5 to 6 inches.
However, some breeding did occured in the aqurium tanks environment, the very first person who successfully did breeding of Arowana is a Japanese, Mr. Hiroshi Azuma in 1989. After nearly 15 years of trying and trying. Subsequently, more and more people succeeded in breeding Aro in aquarium tank environment, after learning from Mr. Hiroshi's experience.
The breeding cycle is generally once per year, but some young female Aro may be up to twice per year.
Hope the above information helps.
IN THE WILD
In the wild, the Arowanas prefers to stay in shallow waters (above five feet deep), near riverbanks and in shaded areas. Arowanas prefer these areas not because they are avoiding the elements, but because insects are plentiful in shaded areas and these are their main source of food. Arowanas also spawn in these areas. Parents take care of their young until they are able to feed on their own. This is usually about 50 days after the eggs have been laid and the yolk sacs have disappeared from the underside of the young Arowanas.
IN CAPTIVITY
The conditions of the pond were controlled to be as close to the Arowanas preferred natural environment. Weeds, floating logs and leaves were left in the pond to achieve this effect. Between 30 to 40 Arowanas between the ages of five and seven, half of them male, half of them female were released in the pond. They were left in the pond to allow them to pair themselves off, while the fish farmers observed from afar with binocular.
After sometime (between one and six months): compatible male and female Arowanas couple by themselves. However, this does not mean that with 30 to 40 Arowanas, you will see 15 to 20 pairs. On the contrary, it is sometimes impossible to get even one pair.
The farmers continued to keep a close watch on the pair. About 30 days later, the spawning was successful as the male was seen releasing young Arowanas from his mouth for between three and five minutes before drawing them back into his mouth again. At this stage, a net was dropped into the pond to segregate the couple and their young from the other Arowanas. After the young were free-swimming, they were netted and kept in separate tanks to grown individually, feeding on bloodworms.
Observations have shown that the female Arowana spawns once a year and each successful spawn produces between 30 and 80 young.
The Arowana prefers a 125 gallon tank with a fine gravel bottom, loosely planted, and soft, peaty water with lots of open space above for swimming. The aquarium must be fitted with a tight, heavy cover because the Arowana will jump, particularly when after prey. After breeding, the male Silver Arowana is responsible for carrying the large eggs in his mouth where they mature in 50 to 60 days. When young, these fish are easily harassed by more aggressive species such as Cichlids, Knife fish, large Plecostomus, Catfish, and Ornate Bichirs make good tank mates for the Silver Arowana. A carnivore, the Silver Arowana will eat other smaller fish, water fleas, mosquito larvae, as well as freeze-dried ocean plankton, krill and pellet foods.
Spawning behavior
The fish shows unique courtship behavior. The courting chase takes place from several days to weeks before the pair starts to mate. They will swim in circles with male chasing the female.
About 1-2 weeks before spawning takes place, the fish swims side by side and perform body contact between pair. After the courtship behavior takes place, the female will lay the eggs and then promptly fertilized by the male. After fertilization, the male picks up the eggs and incubates them until the fry can swim and survive independently.
The eggs are large in size about 8-10mm and yolk rich, hatched about one week after fertilization. After hatching, the young larvae continue to live in the male’s mouth for further 7-8 weeks until the yolk sac was totally absorbed. The size of the fry was 45-50mm before they are move out of the males’ buccal cavity.
REMOVING OF EGGS FROM MALE'S MOUTH
In the study, the fertilized eggs were forced extruded from males’ mouth at the 30th day after spawning. The average number of the eggs produced in a single brood was 21 larvae with the maximum number recorded 29.
The eggs are orange-red in color and are large in size with diameter 16-20 mm. Once removed from the parents’ mouth, the half-developed larvae were incubated in glass aquarium tanks, measuring 90x45x45cm. Water temperature is kept around 27-29 degree C using a thermostat heater and dissolved oxygen is maintained at about 5 ppm (mg/l) through continuous aeration of the water. During the first few weeks when the larvae are still having large yolk sac, they tend to remain at the bottom of the tank most of the time. The fry start to swim upward periodically when the yolk sac becomes smaller.
Using the in vitro hatching technique, the survival rate to free swimming stage achieved is 90-100%. The fry will swim freely on the 7th week. Supplementary external live feed (young guppy) was given at the early free-swimming stage to avoid the fry from attacking each other. At the age of the 6th month the fingerlings were reared individually in 75 x 45 x 45cm re-circulating water system tank. At this age the fry measured about 20-25cm length and were ready for market.
Eight pieces of Malaysian Golden Dragon were reared in 5m x 5m concrete tank and water depth about 0.5m. pH of water was maintained between 6.8-7.5 and temperature 27-29oC. A ’spawning room’ were built at one corner of the concrete tank. It is hoped that the condition will create a natural living environment for the fish. Live feed such as crickets, wild guppy, freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium lanchestrii) and gold fish were given daily. Pellet feed was also given as the supplementary food.
MATURITY
The fish attain first maturity from the 4th year onwards and measure between 45-60cm. The fish spawn throughout the year with the peak season occurring between July and December. In nature the male incubates the fertilized eggs in its’ bucca cavity until the fry is free swimming at about 2 months.
Sexual differences are indiscernible in juvenile stage and become apparent after maturity is reached in about 3-4 years. Male posses slimmer and shallower body depth, bigger mouth and more intense color then the females.
The reasons for having wider mouth and deeper lower jaw in males are for eggs incubating purposes. The size of the males’ head is relatively bigger. Male is more aggressive and leading in competition for food.
A brooding male can be recognized by its remarkable brood pouch underside its mouth.
Aro will be mature and ready for spawning when they are 3 to 5 years old. Usually, the spawning will only take place in the pond where it's more natural environment.
Also, pairing them is also another challenge. As it is rather difficult to sexing them, breeders usually put in many Aros into a pond and let them pair themselves.
When pairing has occured, you will see a pair swimming next to each in a circle. By day they swims in slow circles, the male trailing the female; by night they still swim in circles, but at high speed. This courtship will continued for 2-3 months.
Near the end of the courtship, the fish will be getting more excited, they will swim a bit faster all the time and in tighter circles.
At this point they will feed heavily. Then the male will stop following behind the female and the fish swims slowly side by side. In addition, the circle will be even tighter. Sometimes, the male would bite the female's fins, though they may be tattered, but usually the female do not retreat from the male and in fact the bond between the pair will be strengthen, with lots of rubbing and other body contact.
The appetites of the fish at this will drop markedly, though they will still eat little occasionally. Then fish will move in very slow, very tight circles. The female is kept to the tile outside of the circle and would sometimes remain motionless as the male continue to circiling. Occasionally the fish woult both be stationary, rubbing against each other.
Then the fish will stop swimming around and lay quietly just above the bottom, rubbing against each other. Then quite suddenly, they will spawn. With a spasm, the female will release a cluster of eggs, which the male simultaneously fetilised with a near invisible cloud of sperm. Immediately the male began to scoop up the eggs into his mouth. With a very soft touch, he will pick up one by one.
The female may eat a few egg, the male don't but his mouth will be swollen with his brood. The eggs are about 40 to 60 of them with a diameter of 15-18 mm. Orange-red in colour, non-adhesive.
After spawning, both Aro will swim together all the time. When view from the front, the male shows twin oval black markings on his lower jaw. Generally knowns as 'Brooding Marks". The female will swim slightly above the male, with her pectoral fins spread horizontally, like an honour guard.
The eggs will stay inside the male's mouth for more than a month, he may still may not release the fries out but his mouth will be very swollen. During these time, the male may ate a few of the eggs. Soon after the male will release the fries to swim outside for a short period of time. If they fell threatened, they will immediately return to the father's mouth. Also, the fries will always return to their father's mouth at night. The father during this time, his movement is somewhat sluggish and slow, or rest motionless on the bottom or at the surface. He may be more active at night.
About another 2 weeks or so, 60 days after spawning, the fries finally swim free from their father for extended period of time, though they may be close to his mouth but may not return inside. Their yolk sac would be very small by now. Then you may remove the father.
Once the egg sac completely disappear, then you may start feeding live bloodworms or live 'White Clouds'. At this time (60 days after spawning), the fries is about 3 inches long. Then at 120 days, they will be around 5 to 6 inches.
However, some breeding did occured in the aqurium tanks environment, the very first person who successfully did breeding of Arowana is a Japanese, Mr. Hiroshi Azuma in 1989. After nearly 15 years of trying and trying. Subsequently, more and more people succeeded in breeding Aro in aquarium tank environment, after learning from Mr. Hiroshi's experience.
The breeding cycle is generally once per year, but some young female Aro may be up to twice per year.
Hope the above information helps.
Breeding Arowana in Concrete Pond



Golden Arowana
The Golden Arowana is the most popular and expensive ornamental fish
native to Malaysia or other Asia country . The best quality of the crossed-back full scale Arowana is the Malaysian Golden Arowana. This variety only occurs in Bukit Merah Lake in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In its natural habitat breeding season
normally occurs from August to October every year. During the season
village folk from around the lake will try to collect the valuable fry at night.
There are two varieties of Arowana commonly inhabit Malaysian water
bodies; a golden variety and a green variety. The green variety is more
common less expensive compared to the golden variety, which sells at a premium. The crossed-back Golden Arowana commonly inhabits the Kerian
River and its tributaries in Perak. In its natural habitat the fish prefer slightly
acidic clean water and unpolluted natural surroundings, especially
shallow and fast flowing rivers with overhanging vegetation on the river bank.
Due the high price of the golden variety the Freshwater Fisheries Research Station (FFRC) started with a few individuals of the wild catch for brood stock. The wild fish were acquired from traditional fish collectors at Bukit Merah Lake in 1990. In 1996 FFRC was fortunate to successfully breed the Malaysian Golden Arowana
in concrete tanks on the first attempt.
Broodstock maintenance
Eight pieces of Malaysian Golden Dragon were reared in a bare-based concrete tank measuring 5 x 5 meters with a water depth about 0.5 meters fenced with plastic netting about 0.75meters high to prevent the fish from jumping out. A spawning room was built in one corner of the concrete tank and some pieces of bogwood were added to help create a natural living environment for the fish. Other decorations such as pebbles and stones were avoided because they may
injure the fish and be swallowed accidentally during feeding. The rearing tank was partially shaded, away from direct sunlight and built in a quiet area. The broodstock were maintained in the rearing tank until the fish reached maturity.
Water quality management
Although the Arowana is a hardy fish the quality of water should be correspond to the pH of water in its natural habitat when reared in concrete tanks. The pH of water in the rearing tank should be maintained between 6.8 - 7.5 and 27 - 29°C. Water was partially changed at about 30 - 35% of total volume and topped up with dechlorinated tap water. The water depth was maintained at about 0.5 - 0.75 meters. Feeding
Broodstock were fed with a variety of food. A balanced diet is very important in helping fish to mature and spawn. The daily diet should be diverse and contain a high protein content. The fish were fed daily with meat-based live food such as wild guppy, freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium lanchestrii), low grade goldfish and chopped fish meat. Pellet feed containing 32% crude protein was also given as supplementary food. Total amount of food provided was approximately 2% of total body weight per day.
Maturity
The fish attain first maturity from around the 4th year onwards at which
point they measure between 45–60cm in total length. The fish spawn throughout the year with the peak season occurring between July and December. In the wild the male incubates the fertilised eggs in its mouth cavity until the fry are free swimming after about 2 months.
Female Arowana have been reported to have a single ovary which contains around 20 - 30 large ova approximately 1.9cm in diameter. Our observations made by dissecting dead mature Arowana reared in earthen pond obtained from private hatchery confirm the single ovary. However, we found around 50 - 60 ova at different stage of maturity. The mature male Arowana also possess single thread-like testis.
Sex differentiation
There are no obvious sexual differences in juvenile fish. These become apparent after maturity is reached at about 3-4 years of age. Determination of sex is based on the body shape and the size of the mouth cavity. Male fish have a slimmer and
shallower body depth, a bigger mouth and more intense colour then the females. The larger mouth and deeper lower jaw in males are for eggs incubating purposes. The size of the males’ head is relatively bigger. Male fish normally seems more aggressive and leading in competing for food.
Spawning behaviour
The Arowana shows very unique behaviour during courtship. Courtship takes place from several weeks to months before the pair starts to mate. The courtship sequences usually are observed at night when the fish tend to swim closer to the water surface. The male chases the female around the perimeter of tank and sometimes the pair circle each other nose-to-tail. About one to two weeks before
spawning takes place, the fish swim side by side with their bodies touching. Eventually the female releases a cluster of orange-red eggs.
The male fertilises the eggs and then scoops them into its mouth where it incubates them until the fry can swim and survive independently. The eggs are about 8 –10 mm in diameter and rich with yolk and hatch about one week
after fertilisation. After hatching, the young larvae continue to live in the male’s mouth for further 7 - 8 weeks until the yolk sac is totally absorbed. The fry leave the mouth and become independent when they reach about 4550mm.
Identifying a brooding male
After mating a brooding male is can be identified by a distended operculum and its swimming behaviour. They don’t seem to feed and look more placid than at other times. A brooding male can also be recognised by a remarkable brood pouch underside its mouth.
Fry harvest
The incubation period (time from fertilisation until the fry released) is normally about 8 weeks. To shorten the period the fertilised eggs can be hand removed from the male’s mouth on the 30th day after spawning. The brooding male should be carefully caught with a fine net and covered with a wet cotton towel to avoid injury and struggling.
The lower jaw of the fish is pulled backward slowly and the body is shaken slightly to release the half developed larvae from the male’s mouth. The larvae are collected in a plastic basin and incubated in an aquarium. The number of the fertilised eggs collected in a single brood is usually about 20 - 35 larvae.
Larvae removed from the male’s mouth
Hatching technique
Once removed from the male’s mouth, the half-developed larvae are incubated in glass aquarium tanks, measuring 90 x 45 x 45 cm. Water temperature is kept around 27 - 29°C using a thermostat heater and dissolved oxygen is
maintained at about 5 ppm (mg/l) through continuous gentle aeration of the water. We generally add about 2 ppm of Acriflavine solution to the water to prevent infection of any injuries suffered by the larvae during handling. Using this in vitro hatching technique, the survival rate to free swimming stage is generally about 90 100%.
During the first few weeks when the larvae still have a large yolk sac, they tend to remain at the bottom of the tank most of the time. The fry start to swim upward periodically when the yolk sac becomes smaller. On the 8th week the
yolk sac is nearly fully absorbed and the fry start to swim horizontally. At this stage the first live food should be given to the fry. The yolk sac is fully absorbed and the fry become free-swimming at about 8.5cm in length.
Maintenance of fry
During the incubation period the fry do not need to be fed. The fry will swim
freely on the 7th week. Supplementary external live feed such as young guppysor bloodworm can be given at the early free-swimming stage to prevent the fry from attacking each other. The fry are very vigorous feeders and should be provided with ample supply of feed. We recommend a partial water change of about 30% of total tank volume every 2- 3 days to maintain water quality.
Bigger fry about 10 -12cm in length can be fed with freshwater prawn or chopped fish meat to accelerate their growth rate. At 4 months in age we rear fingerlings individually in 75 x 45 x 45cm aquariums to avoid physical defects from fighting with siblings. To enhance the colour and promote the formation of chromatophores we suggest to illuminate with artificial lighting at least 10 -12 hours a day. After 6 -7 months of free-swimming the fry measure about 20 -25cm in length and are suitable for market.
Common problems during
maintenance
We found few problems in maintenance of brood stock. All our fish were healthy but common diseases such as fin rot, cloudy eye and infection of anchor worm (Lernaea) can occur especially after transferring the fish during overall cleaning of tank.
We treat fish suffering from finrot with a saline bath (1% salt) or commercial medication. Some fish suffer cloudy eyes because of poor handling or from being kept for prolonged time in poor quality contaminated water. To overcome this problem partial water changes of about one third of tank volume every two or
three days should be carried out until the fish fully recover. Common salt was
aquaculture Asia transformation in the sector in the coming years. Can it be done?
Breeding technique of Malaysian
golden arowana
added at every water change (1%) until the condition improved. Infection with
anchor worm parasite Lernaea causes the fish to rub its body against the side of tank and lose appetite. The parasites can be removed manually and the infected fish were also treated with Diptrex® at 0.5 ppm (mg/l).
Conclusion
Breeding of Arowana in earthen pond is commonly practised by commercial ornamental fish farms in Malaysia. To start the business the breeding operation needs a large amount of money for the cost of capital such as buying the broodstock and building new infrastructures
http://harizamrry.wordpress.com/2008/02/01/panduan-pembenihan-ikan-arowana/
IKAN Arowana atau Scleropages formousus ialah sejenis ikan hiasan yang sangat popular dan agak tinggi harganya. Disebabkan aktiviti penangkapan yang berleluasa sejak 70-an sehingga kini, jumlah populasinya di habitat asal semakin berkurangan dan pupus.
Oleh kerana itu spesies ikan ini telah dilindungi sebagai spesies kawalan untuk diimport dan dieksport di bawah Convention on the International Trade in Endargered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) .Di Malaysia, aktiviti penternakan ikan Arowana juga turut dijalankan secara komersial untuk tujuan eksport ke pasaran antarabangsa dan antara agensi yang terbabit ialah Jabatan Perikanan.
Secara semulajadi, ikan ini membiak sekali dalam setahun iaitu pada Jun hingga Ogos di habitat asalnya. Arowana matang boleh membiak apabila mencapai umur empat setengah atau lima tahun dengan berat di antara satu hingga dua kilogram. Semasa proses mengawan, induk jantan dan betina akan berpasangan dan berenang beriringan selama beberapa minggu namun proses mengawan hanya akan berlaku apabila keadaan sesuai. Induk jantan akan melengkungkan badannya dan menghimpit badan induk betina dan pada peringkat ini, telur dari induk betina akan keluar dan akan disenyawakan oleh induk jantan. Telur akan dieram oleh ikan jantan selama dua bulan sehingga anak yang dihasilkan boleh berenang bebas dan bersaiz kira-kira 6-7 sentimeter.
Ikan Arowana boleh membiak didalam kurungan secara semula jadi tanpa memerlukan suntikan hormon aruhan pembiakan. Musim pembiakan di dalam kurungan tidak begitu ketara kerana kurang dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran semula jadi. Namun, aspek pemakanan perlu diberikan perhatian sebaik saja anak ikan mulai berenang bersendirian walaupun masih terdapat sedikit yolk di bahagian bawah perutnya. Kelewatan memberi makanan akan menyebabkan anak ikan mencederakan sesama sendiri. Asuhan anak ikan diperlukan selama dua hingga tiga bulan sehingga anak ikan mencapai saiz 15-20 sentimeter dan sesuai dipasarkan. Bagaimanapun, eraman telur oleh induk jantan secara kaedah pembiakan semula jadi di dalam kolam akan mengurangkan kadar hidup anak Arowana. Justeru, kaedah terbaik bagi menjamin peratusan hidup anak ikan yang tinggi ialah menerusi kaedah in vitro.
Pengeraman In-Vitro Menerusi kaedah ini, telur ikan yang sedang dieram oleh induk jantan dan masih mempunyai yolk sac dikeluarkan secara manual dan diasuh di dalam akuarium berukuran 90 x 45 x 45 sentimeter. Pengudaraan diberikan secukupnya dengan suhu ditetapkan pada tahap di antara 27 hingga 28 darjah Celcius dengan memasang pemanas elektrik. Kedalaman air adalah kira-kira 20 sentimeter dan melalui kaedah ini kadar peratusan hidup anak ikan adalah tinggi berbanding kaedah eraman
semula jadi.
Arowana sesuai membiak dalam iklim khatulistiwa dengan suhu diantara 26 hingga 33 darjah Celsius. Bagi pembiakan dalam kolam, jenis tanah liat berpasir dengan kandungan tanah liat 55 peratus hingga 60 peratus adalah amat sesuai. Bekalan air diperlukan sepanjang tahun dari sumber semula jadi sama ada air bukit, sungai, empangan dan tasik. Kualiti air yang diperlukan adalah seperti berikut:
Suhu air: 29 hingga 31 darjah Celcius
pH: 6.5-8.5
Oksigen terlarut: 5ppm
Alkaliniti: 60-100 ppm
CaCO3
Jumlah keliatan: 100ppm
Bacaan piring Secchi: 30 sentimeter
Ammonia: 1ppm
Aspek lain yang turut diberi perhatian dalam aktiviti penternakan ialah pembinaan dan penyediaan kolam.
Antaranya:
Pemilihan Tapak
Tapak yang sesuai ialah kawasan yang tidak mengalami banjir, jauh dari kawasan industri dan punca pencemaran, tiada persaingan aktiviti pertanian dan perindustrian serta mempunyai prasarana yang lengkap.
Pembinaan kolam
Bentuk kolam yang sesuai ialah segi empat dengan nisbah kecerunan ban 2:1. Bagi memudahkan pengurusan, keluasan kolam yang sesuai ialah di antara 0.2-0.4 hektar dengan kedalaman air 0.75-1.2 meter. Dasar kolam hendaklah rata dan cerun ke arah saluran air keluar. Pembinaan kolam takungan di antara 20 hingga 30 peratus dari jumlah keseluruhan kolam adalah digalakkan bagi menjamin punca bekalan air yang mencukupi dan proses rawatan air dilakukan jika perlu.
Pengapuran
Kolam yang dibina hendaklah dipastikan menepati parameter kualiti tanah dan air serta sesuai bagi aktiviti ternakan. Pengapuran diperlukan jika keadaan tanah berasid dan jenis-jenis kapur yang sesuai ialah kapur pertanian, kapur abu sejuk, kapur abu panas dan dolomite.
Pembajaan
Baja organan dan bukan organan sesuai digunakan dan kepekatan nitrogen dan fosforus yang sesuai ialah masing-masing 0.95ppm dan 0.15ppm. Terdapat beberapa kaedah ternakan ikan Arowana yang dicadangkan antaranya ialah ternakan kolam tanah.
Berikut adalah keperluan asas dalam melaksanakan sistem ternakan berkenaan.
Ternakan Induk
Untuk tujuan pembiakan, induk Arowana jantan dan betina diternak dalam kolam yang telah disediakan terlebih dahulu dengan aspek sumber air semula jadi di beri perhatian yang utama. Arowana jarang dijangkiti penyakit namun, pemerhatian perlu sentiasa dilakukan supaya induk Arowana sentiasa sihat.
Taburan
Sebanyak 20 ekor induk berumur empat tahun dipelihara di dalam dua buah kolam ternakan tanah bersaiz 0.2 hektar dengan nisbah jantina 1:1.
Pemakanan
Bagi induk ikan, makanan perlu diberi dua kali sehari iaitu pada waktu pagi dan petang dengan jenis makanan rumusan terapung yang mengandungi protein sebanyak 35 peratus atau makanan jenis hidup seperti cengkerik, anak ikan dan udang gantung. Anak ikan yang telah berenang bebas dalam akuarium pula perlu diberi makan anak-anak ikan jenis lain seperti Gambusia affinis yang bersaiz 1-2 cm. Pemerhatian berkala ke atas ikan Arowana dewasa atau induk hendaklah dilaksanakan dengan menumpukan kepada ciri-ciri proses Arowana mengawan dan dilakukan secara kaedah menangkap menggunakan pukat. Telur yang sedang dieram oleh Arowana jantan hendaklah dikeluarkan untuk eraman selanjutnya menggunakan kaedah in-vitro yang dijalankan dalam tangki akuarium.
Pungutan Hasil
Bagi ternakan secara semula jadi, anak ikan perlu ditangkap apabila mula dilihat berenang bebas dan disimpan di dalam tangki auarium dengan saiz bersesuaian. Bagi kaedah in-vitro pula, anak ikan yang berenang bebas tanpa yolk sac perlu diasingkan bagi mengelakkan ia di makan oleh ikan lain dan diberi makanan hidup sehingga mencapai saiz 5-7 cm sebelum dipasarkan.
Pasaran
Harga ikan meningkat berdasarkan saiz namun bagi pasaran tempatan, harga ikan berbeza mengikut lokasi dan secara puratanya bagi ikan yang berkualiti di antara RM250 hingga RM900 pada saiz 6-9 inci. Bagi pasaran eksport, syarikat atau individu mestilah berdaftar dan memiliki Lesen Import dan Eksport SKKP Pin.91 yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM) dan juga Permit CITES.
Berdasarkan analisis LKIM, pelaburan ke atas projek ini agak besar yang mana kos bagi memulakan ternakan Arowana di atas tanah seluas 0.25 hektar dianggarkan sebanyak RM139,392 dengan kelengkapan paling minimum. Pulangan atau hasil pula hanya akan diperoleh pada tahun keempat atau kelima namun bergantung kepada tahap baka induk yang baik, pemakanan dan pengurusan. Nilai pasaran ikan Arowana juga dipengaruhi oleh cita rasa peminat ikan tersebut namun ketika ini, permintaan serta harganya masih tinggi terutama bagi pasaran antarabangsa.
Secara umumnya ketika ini tidak ramai yang mampu menceburi bidang pengeluaran benih ikan ini kerana modal permulaan dan operasi yang agak tinggi termasuk mengambil masa yang agak lama untuk membiak iaitu kebiasaannya pada umur lima tahun. Bagaimanapun, melihat kepada pasaran semasa, aktiviti ini boleh dilaksanakan dan mendatangkan pulangan yang lumayan.
IKAN Arowana atau Scleropages formousus ialah sejenis ikan hiasan yang sangat popular dan agak tinggi harganya. Disebabkan aktiviti penangkapan yang berleluasa sejak 70-an sehingga kini, jumlah populasinya di habitat asal semakin berkurangan dan pupus.
Oleh kerana itu spesies ikan ini telah dilindungi sebagai spesies kawalan untuk diimport dan dieksport di bawah Convention on the International Trade in Endargered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) .Di Malaysia, aktiviti penternakan ikan Arowana juga turut dijalankan secara komersial untuk tujuan eksport ke pasaran antarabangsa dan antara agensi yang terbabit ialah Jabatan Perikanan.
Secara semulajadi, ikan ini membiak sekali dalam setahun iaitu pada Jun hingga Ogos di habitat asalnya. Arowana matang boleh membiak apabila mencapai umur empat setengah atau lima tahun dengan berat di antara satu hingga dua kilogram. Semasa proses mengawan, induk jantan dan betina akan berpasangan dan berenang beriringan selama beberapa minggu namun proses mengawan hanya akan berlaku apabila keadaan sesuai. Induk jantan akan melengkungkan badannya dan menghimpit badan induk betina dan pada peringkat ini, telur dari induk betina akan keluar dan akan disenyawakan oleh induk jantan. Telur akan dieram oleh ikan jantan selama dua bulan sehingga anak yang dihasilkan boleh berenang bebas dan bersaiz kira-kira 6-7 sentimeter.
Ikan Arowana boleh membiak didalam kurungan secara semula jadi tanpa memerlukan suntikan hormon aruhan pembiakan. Musim pembiakan di dalam kurungan tidak begitu ketara kerana kurang dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran semula jadi. Namun, aspek pemakanan perlu diberikan perhatian sebaik saja anak ikan mulai berenang bersendirian walaupun masih terdapat sedikit yolk di bahagian bawah perutnya. Kelewatan memberi makanan akan menyebabkan anak ikan mencederakan sesama sendiri. Asuhan anak ikan diperlukan selama dua hingga tiga bulan sehingga anak ikan mencapai saiz 15-20 sentimeter dan sesuai dipasarkan. Bagaimanapun, eraman telur oleh induk jantan secara kaedah pembiakan semula jadi di dalam kolam akan mengurangkan kadar hidup anak Arowana. Justeru, kaedah terbaik bagi menjamin peratusan hidup anak ikan yang tinggi ialah menerusi kaedah in vitro.
Pengeraman In-Vitro Menerusi kaedah ini, telur ikan yang sedang dieram oleh induk jantan dan masih mempunyai yolk sac dikeluarkan secara manual dan diasuh di dalam akuarium berukuran 90 x 45 x 45 sentimeter. Pengudaraan diberikan secukupnya dengan suhu ditetapkan pada tahap di antara 27 hingga 28 darjah Celcius dengan memasang pemanas elektrik. Kedalaman air adalah kira-kira 20 sentimeter dan melalui kaedah ini kadar peratusan hidup anak ikan adalah tinggi berbanding kaedah eraman
semula jadi.
Arowana sesuai membiak dalam iklim khatulistiwa dengan suhu diantara 26 hingga 33 darjah Celsius. Bagi pembiakan dalam kolam, jenis tanah liat berpasir dengan kandungan tanah liat 55 peratus hingga 60 peratus adalah amat sesuai. Bekalan air diperlukan sepanjang tahun dari sumber semula jadi sama ada air bukit, sungai, empangan dan tasik. Kualiti air yang diperlukan adalah seperti berikut:
Suhu air: 29 hingga 31 darjah Celcius
pH: 6.5-8.5
Oksigen terlarut: 5ppm
Alkaliniti: 60-100 ppm
CaCO3
Jumlah keliatan: 100ppm
Bacaan piring Secchi: 30 sentimeter
Ammonia: 1ppm
Aspek lain yang turut diberi perhatian dalam aktiviti penternakan ialah pembinaan dan penyediaan kolam.
Antaranya:
Pemilihan Tapak
Tapak yang sesuai ialah kawasan yang tidak mengalami banjir, jauh dari kawasan industri dan punca pencemaran, tiada persaingan aktiviti pertanian dan perindustrian serta mempunyai prasarana yang lengkap.
Pembinaan kolam
Bentuk kolam yang sesuai ialah segi empat dengan nisbah kecerunan ban 2:1. Bagi memudahkan pengurusan, keluasan kolam yang sesuai ialah di antara 0.2-0.4 hektar dengan kedalaman air 0.75-1.2 meter. Dasar kolam hendaklah rata dan cerun ke arah saluran air keluar. Pembinaan kolam takungan di antara 20 hingga 30 peratus dari jumlah keseluruhan kolam adalah digalakkan bagi menjamin punca bekalan air yang mencukupi dan proses rawatan air dilakukan jika perlu.
Pengapuran
Kolam yang dibina hendaklah dipastikan menepati parameter kualiti tanah dan air serta sesuai bagi aktiviti ternakan. Pengapuran diperlukan jika keadaan tanah berasid dan jenis-jenis kapur yang sesuai ialah kapur pertanian, kapur abu sejuk, kapur abu panas dan dolomite.
Pembajaan
Baja organan dan bukan organan sesuai digunakan dan kepekatan nitrogen dan fosforus yang sesuai ialah masing-masing 0.95ppm dan 0.15ppm. Terdapat beberapa kaedah ternakan ikan Arowana yang dicadangkan antaranya ialah ternakan kolam tanah.
Berikut adalah keperluan asas dalam melaksanakan sistem ternakan berkenaan.
Ternakan Induk
Untuk tujuan pembiakan, induk Arowana jantan dan betina diternak dalam kolam yang telah disediakan terlebih dahulu dengan aspek sumber air semula jadi di beri perhatian yang utama. Arowana jarang dijangkiti penyakit namun, pemerhatian perlu sentiasa dilakukan supaya induk Arowana sentiasa sihat.
Taburan
Sebanyak 20 ekor induk berumur empat tahun dipelihara di dalam dua buah kolam ternakan tanah bersaiz 0.2 hektar dengan nisbah jantina 1:1.
Pemakanan
Bagi induk ikan, makanan perlu diberi dua kali sehari iaitu pada waktu pagi dan petang dengan jenis makanan rumusan terapung yang mengandungi protein sebanyak 35 peratus atau makanan jenis hidup seperti cengkerik, anak ikan dan udang gantung. Anak ikan yang telah berenang bebas dalam akuarium pula perlu diberi makan anak-anak ikan jenis lain seperti Gambusia affinis yang bersaiz 1-2 cm. Pemerhatian berkala ke atas ikan Arowana dewasa atau induk hendaklah dilaksanakan dengan menumpukan kepada ciri-ciri proses Arowana mengawan dan dilakukan secara kaedah menangkap menggunakan pukat. Telur yang sedang dieram oleh Arowana jantan hendaklah dikeluarkan untuk eraman selanjutnya menggunakan kaedah in-vitro yang dijalankan dalam tangki akuarium.
Pungutan Hasil
Bagi ternakan secara semula jadi, anak ikan perlu ditangkap apabila mula dilihat berenang bebas dan disimpan di dalam tangki auarium dengan saiz bersesuaian. Bagi kaedah in-vitro pula, anak ikan yang berenang bebas tanpa yolk sac perlu diasingkan bagi mengelakkan ia di makan oleh ikan lain dan diberi makanan hidup sehingga mencapai saiz 5-7 cm sebelum dipasarkan.
Pasaran
Harga ikan meningkat berdasarkan saiz namun bagi pasaran tempatan, harga ikan berbeza mengikut lokasi dan secara puratanya bagi ikan yang berkualiti di antara RM250 hingga RM900 pada saiz 6-9 inci. Bagi pasaran eksport, syarikat atau individu mestilah berdaftar dan memiliki Lesen Import dan Eksport SKKP Pin.91 yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM) dan juga Permit CITES.
Berdasarkan analisis LKIM, pelaburan ke atas projek ini agak besar yang mana kos bagi memulakan ternakan Arowana di atas tanah seluas 0.25 hektar dianggarkan sebanyak RM139,392 dengan kelengkapan paling minimum. Pulangan atau hasil pula hanya akan diperoleh pada tahun keempat atau kelima namun bergantung kepada tahap baka induk yang baik, pemakanan dan pengurusan. Nilai pasaran ikan Arowana juga dipengaruhi oleh cita rasa peminat ikan tersebut namun ketika ini, permintaan serta harganya masih tinggi terutama bagi pasaran antarabangsa.
Secara umumnya ketika ini tidak ramai yang mampu menceburi bidang pengeluaran benih ikan ini kerana modal permulaan dan operasi yang agak tinggi termasuk mengambil masa yang agak lama untuk membiak iaitu kebiasaannya pada umur lima tahun. Bagaimanapun, melihat kepada pasaran semasa, aktiviti ini boleh dilaksanakan dan mendatangkan pulangan yang lumayan.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
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